Causes of Rural-Urban Migration

homespun-urban migration is the run short of mess from hobnailed beas to urban stubs in search of physical exertion and break off spiritedness conditions among others. Rural-urban migration is roughly prevalent in ontogeny countries. Rural-urban migration is facilitated by pull and push factors that heretoforets dry land influx from countryside to cities. Push factors take ons drought, famine, natural disaster, ugly livelinessspan conditions comparable admit, health c atomic number 18 and education, inelegant change, unemployment, war and conflict. get out factors includes employment, prouder incomes, rectify(p) health care and education, urban facilities and carriage of life and certificate from war and conflict. Although bucolic-urban migration is an integral part of study it is of import for throng to understand its ca enforces and issuing for cooking and implementation of effective policies to go on frugal gain. Rural urban migration exis tence flexible and dynamic phenomena bowel movement variegation with a certain decimal point of commitment. pot migration affiliations batch transferring them from low opportunities to elevated gear opportunities.CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATIONIntroductionRural-urban migration is the motionment of hoi polloi from cracker-barrel realms to urban revolve arounds in search of employment and reform reinforcement conditions among others. Rural-urban migration is prevalent in developing countries with its degree varying from country to country. Rural-urban migration influences urban growth with expansion of cities and t admits covering great body politic. As a force of awkward-urban migration thither is urbanization referring to increase in relation of tribes living in cities and towns.Rural-urban migration is facilitated by pull and push factors that forces quite a minor influx from countryside to cities. Push factors whitethorn include drought, famine, natural di saster, pitiful living conditions standardised housing, healthcare and education, agricultural change, unemployment, war and conflict. Pull factors include employment, high(prenominal) incomes, give out healthcare and education, urban facilities and way of life and breastplate from war and conflict (Goldscheider, 19). Cause of Rural-Urban Migration cost of rural-urban migration outweigh benefits resulting in expansion of cities and towns in that respectfore excessive urbanization.Urban planners and decision makers are much bear on with causes and consequences of rural-urban migration and their relationship with frugal growth and urbanization. Although rural-urban migration is an integral part of development it is signifi corporationt for commonwealth to understand its causes and consequence for formulation and implementation of effective policies to encourage economic growth. Issues faced in rural areas set forth deals migration to urban areas. Those great deal living in rural areas are willingly and unwillingly part of the economic body.Movement of concourse from rural areas to urban center is triggered by conscious and unwilled forces. spontaneous are the factors that force mickle to emig tread with no choice but to drift this are the push factors. Voluntary forces covers every last(predicate) stacks migration by will, this are the pull factors (McCatty, 5). Migration Forces batch may involuntary effort from rural to urban areas as a result of family disagreements, wars, conflicts, draught, famine and semipolitical strife. This factors forces flock to judge refuge in urban areas where they stack have overture to security, food and far from political strife.Voluntary factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as better employment opportunities force wad to move to urban areas. The quality of employment in urban areas is better than in rural. In rural areas people have little education and their defrayal is low. Those who have migr ated to urban areas have gained incentives with better and well gainful jobs. lodgment conditions in rural areas is worse compared with urban areas people may voluntarily steady down to move to urban areas to have entrance fee to better living conditions such as better healthcares, better education and housing (McCatty, 8).Rural land tenure and pattern of hereditary pattern is a nonher factor resulting in voluntary rural urban migration. This cause business if land tenure is communal whereby you expose that land is owned by separate of people and then individual having no authority to protect or own the land. This cause conflict during land manduction forcing many people to be landless thus opting to move to urban centers. Rural social structure and cultural determine may cause conflict among rural population forcing several(prenominal) people to move to urban areas.Different ethnic communities have polar cultural set and social structures which may differ resulting t o cultural conflicts thus peoples migration to urban areas where they cant fellowship cultural conflicts. Rural people when offered with better options of earning living which are non demanding like rural farming and which is more(prenominal) financially rewarding, they are likely to accept. Dep curioing on the country, farming gives seasonal employment with no enough income to abide rural people thus universe forced to move to urban areas in search for better and well paying jobs (McCatty, 9).Issues faced in Rural Areas Changes in educational system as a result of what is being taught in school vary from their traditional norms. In rural areas, cultural values and norms undergo changes receivable to influence from unlike entities and missionaries. In rural areas people experience low and high global frugality due to drop of prices thus their sustainability being influenced. During economic recession they are the offset people to be affected. This triggers their strawman from rural to urban for search of better opportunities.People in rural areas are unresolved to films, intercommunicate programs and recent television series from cities. When exposed to this urban life, their living conditions decline due to exploitation of resource in wishing of living like those in urban areas. Many people are not able to cope with this situation in rural areas and they opt for urban areas where they can have better life with get to to all these facilities. Living condition for most rural people have changed for better with improved medical care, improved health and longevity which has contributed to increase in population in rural areas thus imperativeness on the limited resources.These forces some people peculiarly young incase the land ownership in the rural was communal they move to urban centers where they can be accommodate without congestion (McCatty, 7). Influence by outside developed gentlemans gentleman on peoples culture and way of life contribut es to peoples movement to urban areas. Media influence has made people recognize their state of poverty. This has made people animadvert of change and they think the entirely option to move to urban center for white collar jobs and better living conditions.Peoples perception of better life changes their success in rural areas people have changed their notions about educations and holding higher positions. This has facilitated people movement from rural area to urban in search of better education which can lead to higher incomes thus increasing their future income. add in income increases peoples consumption. People believe that by having firsthand accounts their living conditions will be improved in urban areas (Agesa and Sunwoong, 60). Poverty Poverty is undergo globally in third world nations specially by rural population.Developmental policies in various countries are more concerned with poverty alleviation resulting to economic growth. to the highest degree people in devel oping nation live under poverty with urban poverty being constant with legal age living in rural areas. In those countries with agricultural based economy, those residents who are poor lack access to resources thus high level of inequitable and inequality dissemination of resources. c retrogress to people living in rural areas are women and children who practices subsistence farming.Poverty contributes to peoples movement from rural to urban areas in search of better and well paying jobs to alleviate poverty (McCatty, 9).. Urban promiscuous Sector Unlike the formal likeness of urban informal field, there are activities of all kind which are unregulated and small scale in nature. Most people in urban areas compel their own employments, start their businesses and even tempt as a small-scale family enterprise. These jobs includes, street vending, hustling, sharpening of knife, drug trafficking, maize roasting and even prostitution.Others find better jobs like artisans, mechani cs, carpenters, barbers, individualized servants and maids. Some becomes successful business people with several employees thus earning more income. Those people venturing in informal work are mostly rural migrants who have little skills and they earn enough income just to sustain them. Informal sector has a link with formal sector and offers employment opportunities to those people who cant access jobs in formal sectors. Informal sector acts as a sentry duty net for those rural people who fall back if things take ont work out for them.Informal sector has been categorized among those factors causing rural urban migration since it reduces individual risk of being jobless once they migrate to cities (McCatty, 12). Government policies to some extent cause rural urban migration. Those policies supporting disproportionate increase employment opportunities and in wage rate in urban centers leads to imbalances in rural urban landscape. Rural urban migration contributes to increased rat e of unemployment in urban areas.As a result of difference in wages there are urban bias promote people to move from rural to urban thus urban bias resulting to rural-urban migrations (Agesa and Sunwoong, 72). modernisation of Agriculture Agricultural modernization contributes a lot toward rural urban migration especially in developing countries. Agricultural modernization involves use of machines and artificial fertilizers for agriculture. This result to consider of few workers in the farms and farmers doesnt petition farm manure but use fertilizers. This reduces employment opportunities for rural people especially youths and men.Those farmers who used to keep livestock lose market for their products like manure thus being forced to look for alternatives in urban areas (Goldscheider, 27). Natural Disasters Natural disasters like floods, earthquakes and landslide contribute toward rural urban migration. These natural disasters destroy peoples properties and crops leading to pove rty and insecurity. To seek for safety and alternatives people prefer moving to urban areas where they can have guaranteed safety from such disasters (Agesa and Sunwoong, 68).Other Factors Other factors like primitive conditions in rural areas forces people seek polish ways of living in urban areas. Bullying, death threats and disown from society as a result of certain offensive may force one seek refuge in urban areas where there is no cultural or corporation rules to be followed. Slavery in rural areas may force people to move to urban areas mostly children and youth who finds it tough to put up with work they are given by parents or in plantations.Poor chances of finding courtship may be a contributing factor in that one may think that in urban areas there are many people where s/he can have chance of choosing from different people (Goldscheider, 41). Conclusion Not only rural people but people in general are attracted to urban areas because they think that urban areas have b etter and greater opportunities than rural. For many who move to urban they end up in poverty. Rural urban migration being flexible and dynamic phenomena cause diversification with a certain degree of commitment. Migration helps in linking people and transferring them from low opportunities to high opportunities.Rural urban migration contributes nearly to 60 percent of urban growth and it occurs at a particular setting which is marked by limited industrial but expeditious commerce centered growth in cities.Works CitedAgesa, Richard & Sunwoong Kim, Rural To Urban Migration as A Household Decision demo From Kenya, Review of Development Economics, Vol. 5, 2001, pp. 60-75 Goldscheider, Calvin, Rural Migration in Developing Nations, Boulder and London Westview P, 2003 McCatty Machel, the serve well of Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries, Ottawa Ontario, Carleton University, 2004