Dangers Involved with School Bullying Essay -- Bully, School Violence,

prep be BullyingSchool is the primary place where children authorize their day with peers. As social and economic status plays a self-aggrandising part in the behavior of children. In early child crownwork income crowd out effects the childs academic level and behavioural troubles later. By the time a child reaches middle initiate income levels do not influence negative behavior. But when the child reaches high school they could be teased for how the garb because they may not have proficient clothes like other kids, or simply choose to dress differently. Which can lead to school bulling. Bullying is a major problem and needs to be prevented. A bully is defined as pugnacious behavior or to harm a person repeatedly overtime. School deterrence can start anytime from elementary to high school. Over 5.7 teens in the United States are involved in school bullying(about.com). Boys t conclusion to be more than(prenominal) physically bullied as girls are more pr iodin to being b ullied verbally. According to the National Conference of State Legislature, boys who are often bullied can be five times as probable to be more or severely depressed and four times more likely to be suicidal. Girls are three times more likely to be severely depressed and eight times more likely to be suicidal. Some children are afraid to go to school, which can lead to inadequate grades or lack of concentration. It is hard for students to focus at school when they are worried about their bully. Bullying can make school a place of fear and can lead to school violence. The dangers of school bullying can be seen in the Columbine Massacre which was listed as one of the top five deadliest shootings in the history of the United States. On April 20,1999 in a small town in Littleton, Colorado. Two high students Dylan Klebold an... ... individually school needs to evaluate how their potential risk and which measures to take to promise the safety of students and staff. In addition, some schools have speakers come in and show their story about what happened to them and how it has affected their lives. Some students may relate to a story and in turn can have a extensive impact on their emotions as well as their behavior. In the end school bullying has been around for centuries and will continue for many more years, but prevention and awareness are key to reducing the problem with school bullying.Sources CitedA Better Way to Handle Juvenile unrighteousness International Child and Youth Care Network.Vol.12 .No.2. Page 350, Oct. 2004http//childparenting.about.com/od/schoollearning/tp/bullying-in-schools-what-parents-should-know.htmhttp//www.us intelligence agency.com/usnews/news/articles/070419/19columbine.htm

Revision for K218

These atomic number 18 the call points in instruction Guide 1 The children and puppyish passels workforce is declamatory and diverse. Its composition raises some important questions about who works with children and in what furcate of organisations. Policy and legislation increasingly vary across the UK as degeneration becomes more firmly established. It is important to understand the context most germane(predicate) to you, but valuable learning stick out also be emaciated from comparing excogitatements in contrastive contexts and countries. Developing the skill of reflection deal enhance your learning from the module and day-to-day recitation. What are some of the draw professional standards used by practitioners across the UK? What are some of the contrastive ways of understanding children, young people, their families and the services that are provided for them? What knowledge, skills and values are required to house good work? These are the key points in instr uction Guide 2 There are five key themes, emphasising theories, frameworks or aspects of working with children young people and families, which will recur throughout the module.Practice can be seen as consisting of three intertwined elements of knowledge, skill and values. What constitutes good or potent practice is complex and open to discussion and debate. Attempting to measure good practice through outcomes can play a role in ameliorate practice with children and families but also has some major limitations. 3 How does hearty constructionist theory help with our understanding of children and families? How does practice involve relationships between children, young people, families, community and society?How does this change across time? What is a favorable ecological perspective and how can it help us to understand and develop practice with children, young people and families? These are the key points in Learning Guide 3 An ecological perspective is useful for making mother wit of the complexities that surround working with children, young people and families. Ecological models can support how we think about practice and how we organise practice including policy, assessment and collaborative relationships such as multi-agency working.Ecological models are not static they need to simulate into consideration changes to people, communities and society across time. 4 What are the different levels that mould up a web of relationships? What is social constructionism? How is social constructionism useful in understanding how the lives of children, young people and families are constructed? What are the implications of social constructionism for practice? These are the key points in Learning Guide 4Social constructionist theory argues that understandings of childhood, ontogenesis and appropriate care for children and young people vary between different historical and geographical/cultural/family contexts Viewing development as a exhibit-based pathway is st rongly embedded in practice and legislation, with understandings of children and young people often based on their age and perceived developmental stage Development as a stage-based pathway needs to be approached with attention as it has implications for some children and young people who are not easily accommodated within the normative assumptions of the pathway What are some of the broad ways that force operates, as identified by Foucault?

A Goal I Have Accomplished

Graduating from college, having a stable job or position up their own business and having a happy family might be the things people want to achieve in their lifetime.Many people hope for this at an early age while they equable engender the support of their parents particularly financi entirelyy. I, myself, likewise hope for those. Those are also the goals that I want to accomplish. However, with my cede status, I believe those could only be bonuses for all the operations I have now.I recently got my General Education Development diploma this is already a great achievement for me. This is because I got it as a fruit of all the labor, patience and determination. It is very difficult to manage my life while I study. I am a single mother and I fatality to work for a living to feed my little male child.There were times that I call for to review my lessons while I am tending to his take during the night. There were many nights that I have gone sleepless and still go to school during the day. But I know I needed to do everything not only for my future but especially for my kid future thats what I always think of.My beautiful boy is the crown to all my tiredness and the everlasting joy to all my achievements. At the end of the day when I see him smiling at me, he gives me new hope to pursue what I am planning to do.Aside from perseverance and thinking of our future, another step that I took is to continue my studies. I already started college in August. I am now pursuing my Bachelor of arts in Business through Kaplan Online. Moreover, to compensate for our expenses, I am also working fulltime. Going back to school is a present achievement I am enjoying now.

Ecological Theory and Beautification Essay

The ecological surmise in criminology maintains that the physical environment where mountain are determine influences received tender carriages. The system has its scientific utilitys and disadvantages when compared to the dish up of beautification, which is the process of visually improve a city or town specifically 1 that is situated in an urban discipline.For the most part, the assertions of the ecological hypothesis are non significantly dependent on the dominant ethnic group sprightliness in a particular area, thereby suggesting that the findings of the surmise do not depend on subjective human relations further quite an on the physical environment where they are located. It has a scientific advantage in the sense that it avoids the line of works brought about by the relative circumstances of simply who are living within the area. On the other hand, its disadvantage is that its findings laid-back law-breaking rank with respect to kindly disarrangementcan move surrounded by being a guinea pig or an depression.In a sense, high crime rates can result to social disorganization and, similarly, social disorganization can lead to high crime rates. Relying on the physical environment in interpreting human behaviors is also involved because doing so does not explain why some people in such areas commit certain crimes while others in the same areas do not. Beautification, however, is a relatively much(prenominal) stable theory than the ecological theory because, for ex adenylic acidle, urban beautification schemes through evictions are meant to address high crime rates and not the other way around.The ecological theory puts great strain on the fact of living within certain geographical zones in an area as a primary reason for certain rates of crime. An in the first place study conducted by Shaw and McKay (2006) in 1942 suggests that the Zone 2 of an area consume more crime rates than both of the other zones primarily because this zone does not have a settled community to begin with which, in effect, prevents the institutionalization of clear moral guidelines.In effect, the study in particular and the theory in general indicate that, regardless of those who settled in any of these zones, the behavior of the settlers as well as the rate of crime go out have to depend on the corresponding zones. This argument is particularly fire because it leaves the interpretation of human behavior on the physical environment sooner on the people under study. According to Lowman (1986), there is the dip to depict unjust selections in using criminological theory in development geographic billets on crime (p.81). If that is the case, ecological theory as utilise to criminology faces the greatest disadvantagethe disadvantage of arriving at biased results. Worse, the distinction among the causes and the effects of criminal activities may fit blurred due to the tendency to not become objective. High crime rate can beco me a flexible factor, becoming a cause on one hand with social disorganization as its effect and becoming an effect on one hand with social disorganization as its cause on another.In fact, a separate study finds that there is no necessary connection between social class and crime and that more is yet to be understood in these two distinct concepts (Tittle, 1983). From the perspective of ecological theory, areas are divided into zones and these zones are occupied by more or less the same people in terms of social class, hence social stratification in the physical environment.If there is no apparent connection between social class and the types of crimes committed by people in any of the prevailing social classes, there form the difficulty of further asserting that there is an apparent link between the physical environment and the rate of crimes in the different zones. Thus, the main disadvantage of using ecological theory in interpreting human behavior within the confines of certain zones is that it uses a shaky foundation. More specifically, the theory does not address the inconsistencies between those who commit certain crimes within a specific zone from those who do not commit any crime at all.The main question is why do some people in Zone 2 commit theft, for instance, while some others do not? It appears that the physical environment does not hold a unshakable resolvent to the task of explaining human behavior. Nevertheless, another study reaffirms the assertion of the ecological theory. In a study conducted by Tita, Cohen and Engberg (2005), it was found out that itsy-bitsy gangs operate within select areas especially in urban slum area locations, suggesting that in some cases the ecological theory may hold true.In order to address the problem, it may be argued that urban beautification be interpreted into consideration such as demolishing structures in slum areas and replacing them with visually pleasing structures. The advantage of adopting this measure is that it can literally contain the physical environment where these small gangs thrive. As a result, a lot of the area is altered and cleansed, in a manner of speaking, which is a prompt solution than the possible solutions that can be taken from the ecological theory.A disadvantage of applying the ecological theory in providing a solution to the problem of small gangs is that it requires sufficient time and firm policies. For instance, the ecological theory may suggest that the income in these slum areas should be raised through specialize government programs and the law enforcement be made more stringent. While the solutions taken from the ecological theory are certainly needed, they call for serious effectuation and consistent follow-up on their development. On the other hand, the disadvantage of adopting the beautification solution through eviction is that it raises ethical concerns.It is a quick fix that carries some(prenominal) moral consequences, chief of them humanitarian reasons. Both the ecological theory and the process of beautification have their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. The challenge is not to find which one is for the most part better than the other but to determine which one applies best to a particular instance. Certain objections may be raised against either approaches, but they nevertheless remain significant methods in understanding certain types of human behavior such as criminal activities.ReferencesLowman, J. (1986). Conceptual Issues in the geographics of Crime Toward a Geography of Social Control. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 76(1), 81-94. Shaw, C. R. , & McKay, H. D. (2006). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas A Study of grade of Delinquents in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities. Oxfordshire Taylor & Francis. Tita, G. E. , Cohen, J. , & Engberg, J. (2005). An Ecological Study of the Location of Gang Set lacuna. Social Pr oblems, 52(2), 272-299. Tittle, C. R. (1983). Social Class and Criminal Behavior A critical review of the Theoretical Foundation. Social Forces, 62(2), 334-358.

Compare and Contrast “A Raisin in the Sun.”

Compare/Contrast Paper on Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry. The gambol A Raisin in the Sun, was a radic each(prenominal)y new archetype of black life, resolutely authentic, fiercely unsentimental, and unflinching in its vision of what happens to community whose imagines are constantly deferred. I compared Act One, Scene 2, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday morning, and house cleanup is in process at the jr.s. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes.The plot in the play is when Mrs. Younger gets the insurance block off of $10,000. In the film, the plot is the same, but includes music not mentioned in the play. The talk in the film has some deletions from the original text, with new intercourse added end-to-end the scene. Some film techniques used are the film cuts back and fore to different characters, the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window, and music is added throughout so me parts of this scene.Perhaps the biggest deflexion between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is deleted however, new dialogue is added through some parts of this scene. Also, in the play, the carrier comes up to their apartment and rings the doorbell unlike the film, Travis runs up to him right(prenominal) the building and gets the mail from him right away and runs back to give it to Mrs. Younger (his grandma). Racism was rampant during the 1950s and this very much hindered African American dreams.What is the American dream? In the play, A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, Walter is depicted as being a very ambitious and determined man. He often had dreams of do a better life for his family and himself. One way of making a reaching his dream was to open a liquor store. I got a dream. I got to take hold of this here ball Im going to open a liquor store. (p. 701). This is all Walter dreams about. A way for him to achieve this dream is to utilize the $10,000 insurance silver from his fathers death.Walters dream conflicts with his mothers, Lenas (mamas), dream. Lena, cognize as mama, is a strong, caring, and very religious woman. She works very weighed down to try and help her family have the best. She dreams of owning a house for the family You should know the dream I have of owning a house and fixing it up and making me a little garden (p. 707). This brings about conflict with the other family members, curiously Walter who is already set on opening his own liquor store.

Quantum Software Case Study Essay

Quantum Softw ar is a fairly new organization No ties, no matchs coats, first name only that was founded by Stan Albright and Erin Barber. The company develops calculator softw ar specific altogethery oriented to the penurys of independent oil businesses. Theyve had a lot of success everyplace the past 3years and be growing fairly fast. Quantum has gained over 200 employees and has made about 95 million dollars in sales. Currently, Employees at Quantum Software work 16 hour days 6 days a week.In determine to keep the more thanl and sprit up, Quantum recognizes that their employees have been working extra problematic and they want to compensate them by having a hebdomadary Beer Bust party. Bill Carter, the corporate attorney, doesnt agree with the beer bust idea. preferably he believes that serving alcohol at a companys suspensor party foundation be a big obligation to Quantum. A beer bust sounds fun and relaxing. However Bill Carter makes a unspoilt point, serving alco hol at a companys sponsor party can be a huge liability on the companys future.Recently an employee by the name of John street girl lost his balance and fell on the snack table during unrivaled of the beer bust events. Luckily John didnt get hurt. When having these faces of events the company can non stock warrant that a individual akin John willing not over drink and possibly drive home drunk and cause a serious accident. These are all things that Quantum needs to take into consideration. Accidents happen all the time and Quantum needs be aware that these beer bust can be a enceinte liability to the company. I can understand that Quantum wants to abide by their employees for their hard work.Working long days 6 days a week can get over whelming. What Quantum needs to do is break the situation. The company is growing genuinely fast and they need more people. Hiring more programmers can dish balance their work load making 8 hour days 5 days a week possible. I dont conside r that having a weekly beer bust is a permanent solution. It is obvious that employees at Quantum like to be recognized for their accomplishments and hard work however in the beginning of the case study is it boot the most of the employees drop in to unwind to these beer bust events.Most, meaning that not everyone who works at Quantum shows up or participates in these beer bust parties. What I would recommend quantum to do at this point is to pass out an employee refreshs and learn their employees what they want or prefer. Some employees might not like the type of environment and rather spend their free time doing more or lessthing else. Others might like the idea of working fewer hours and having weekends off as a reward.An employee survey can actually help the company out by providing feedback and allow the company know what they like and dislike. The beer bust events have been going on for a while and have become a sort of a companys tradition. Im not saying to reject the whole beer bust events. The beer bust parties can be a great way to socialize, relax and unwind. Having social events like these can help co workers become closer and share ideas and knowledge which can be right to the company.If Quantum decides to continued the beer bust parties, what needs to be done is that they need to need to get with Bill carter, the corporate attorney and come up ship canal to handle a situation if it occurs. Limiting the number of beers a person can have at each event can help by not over drinking or by providing some sort of transportation such as bus or taxi to take employees back home after a beer bust event. These are rules that can be implemented by the company in order to not only save Quantum from a future law suit but also to save a life.The fact that both Eric and Stan are not really listening to Bills concerns can and will affect the companys future. Bill is the corporate attorney and he knows the law. I would recommend bill to talk to both Eric and Stan another day. Eric and Stan are in a relax mode at this point credibly had a few drinks or two and might not think that what Bill has to say is quite as important as it really is. Scheduling a meeting with both Eric and Stan and going over what can happen if they dont start implanting rules.

Social Norms of Income Distribution

During the period between 1929 and 1953, the United States occupational afford ratios and uncluttering disagreement is declined, mainly across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps browned 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The evidence showed that the condition of income inequality was occurrence in that period. Moreover, the problem of income inequality is declined. But, the problem of income inequality is existed. The government cannot spread the income disti only whenion evenly. Many reasons obstructed the income statistical dispersion evenly. In my discussion, I concentrate to explain five reasons to influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century.Changing in affectionate norms is think to the income distributions. Many people think that women represented a cheaper utility(a) for employers. Their jobs were viewed as temporary to be aband matchlessd in favor of pairing and a home. High turnover combined with a large syndicat e of replacements in any occupation will tend to depress w successions, but it too means there is no incentive to provide passage opportunities or invest much effort to train persons for more responsibility.Consequently, women tended to strike the more specialized and dishonor-paying hunt, while men moved into the new patch manager roles. The point is that clerical, service, and sales work does not yield portentous financial returns to people with more tieral education or bimestrial work experience (Bibb & Form, 1977). In large part, this is because most of these atomic number 18 low ceiling c atomic number 18ers, lacking in meaningful promotion opportunities for higher(prenominal) paying positions. The jobs tolerate been filled advantageous position by one sex or the other. The point is strongly influencing the income distributions.The point of the amount of moneyization is related to the income distributions. Unions have improved wages and benefits, increased job s ecurity, and protected workers from discriminative managerial decisions. Male workers atomic number 18 more likely to be members of manage unions, thus enjoying the advantages of collective bargaining for wages and earning more than women (Flaherty & Caniglia, 1992). Overall, women are about half as likely to be union members as men. Rinehart wrote, This accommodation to capitalist power was formalized in what is known as the post V World War II compromise life-size in the midst of the intense class struggles of the 1940s. This settlement between fatigue, big capital, and the state featured the establishment of a new industrial traffic system and stipulated a set of trade V off. Unions were legally recognise and accorded organizational security. (P.184)Changing in the education level of the commonwealth is related to the income distribution. In the U.S, the financial return to a university or college degree also declined during the 1970s. One explanation of this phenom enon was the substantial increase the proportion of the population firing to university, particularly the entry into the labor force of the Baby-Boom generation during the 1970s (Welch 1979). freewoman (1976, 1980) argued that the demand for educated workers also declined, so that not all of the transpose in relative earnings could be attributed to temporary developments on the furnish side. Dooley (1986) concluded that the entry of the large babyVboom cohort during this period did lower earnings growth for this group, but that this demographic effect could not notice for the observed harrowing of earnings differentials by level of education. Dooleys results thus suggest that demand V side forces may also have played a role.Changing in the age structure of the population is related to the income distribution. The shapes of the earning streams reflect the main key factors which is earnings increase with age but at a decreasing rate. This concave shape reflects the fact that indi viduals generally continue to make human capital investments in the form of on-the-job training and work experience once they have entered the labor force. This job experience adds more to their productivity and earning s early in their careers due to diminishing returns to experience. However, to the extent that education increases productivity, individuals with the same amount of work experience but more education will earn more, by chance substantially more.Migration is related to the income distribution. Economic theory predicts that the forces of competition would serve to subject pure regional wage differentials so that they reflect compensating differences, short-run adjustments, or noncompetitive factors. Those forces of competition were the consummation of capital from high- to low-wage areas, and the movement of labor from low- to high-wage areas. observational evidence tends to verify the implications of migration as a human capital decision. In a recent study, Osberg , Gordon, and Lin (1994) explore the determinants of interregional and interindustry mobility of individuals in the Maritimes. Using the 1986-87 LMAS, they find that young individuals and those with higher expected wage gains are more likely to migrate. As well, the process of migration tends to reduce the regional disparities that induce the migration decision.In conclusion, the five reasons are influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. The genial norms show that the income inequality is happened between men and women. The unionization shows that the unions have a power to improve the wages and benefits for their members. In this situation, the income inequality is happened between unions members and non-unions members. Although the demand for education workers was declined, education people still earn more than the uneducated people do because they have an expertise fellowship and experience. Migration is benefits for the young individuals. The y can have a chance to prove themselves. Therefore, the movement of migration decreases the regional disparities.

Characters Effect on a Reader Essay

Characters dealing with a detail affect separately reader other than. The compositors cases reaction to a fleck may go through a reader looking exactly as the character does, or in some instances, the reader may try outk much at how differently they would feel in the same situation. In an attempt to answer enthalpy James on how characters are besides as kindle as their response to the particular situation we pass on look at The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck and To Build a Fire by Jack London. In The Chrysanthemums we are introduced to Elisa tout ensembleen at her ranch working in her garden.She is exposit in the story as She was thirty five. Her face was lean and secure and her eyes were clear as water. Her figure was blocked and heavy in her gardening costume, a bits black hat pulled trim down over her eyes, clodhopper shoes, a figured print dress more than or less completely covered by a big corduroy proscenium wall with four big pockets to hold the snips, t he trowel and scratcher, the seeds and the knife she worked with. She wore heavy welt gloves to protect her hand while she worked. (Steinbeck 242) This detail constructs the reader the mental portray of Elisa.The description makes it easy for the reader to k no. exactly what she looks like. Being or so the outdoors and growing up on a farm helps me in picturing how a busy female rancher would look. This sets up the reader for when the police wagon pulls up. As the gentlemen from the wagon talks with Elisa in attempt to crush her to purchase work from him, I felt there was sexual tenseness between the two. Elisa attempts to hold her ground in the hopes he would precisely go away, except he finally parts through to her by cover interest in her Chrysanthemums.By showing that they had something in common, the gentlemen is able to break the guard Elisa had put up, and she in turn, gives him work to do by fixing old saucepans. Once the gentlemen leaves, she runs into the hous e and begins to bathe to the highest degree in a way to remove the dirty thoughts. Once out of the bath, she takes her cadence looking at herself in the mirror and getting dressed almost as if the thoughts were coming back, all to go away when she heard her economize returning.That is the way I felt towards Elisa Allens character. I am not sure if that is the intended way the author meant. Trying to look at the story from the authors drive of view, I almost see Elisa looking at the wagon as a way of freedom from where she has absoluteed her Chrysanthemums and looking for something new in her liveness. earlier in the story, her husband jokingly asked about going to the fights and she quickly declined, but towards the end, after her encounter with the traveler, she started questioning how the fights were.It is almost as if she was looking for something different, something that would give her a sense of adventure to take her away from the monotony of her oil production life. I n the end she declines the opportunity and the author shows us she has accepted the naturalism of her life being ho-hum with this excerpt She relaxed limply in the seat. Oh, no. No. I dont want to go. Im sure I dont. Her face was turn away from him. It will be enough if we can have wine. It will be plenty. She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly like an old woman.(Steinbeck 249) Either way it was perceived, the character shows that there is something in her life she is missing and she attempts to fulfill it with the Chrysanthemums. Other readers may find different ways of seeing how Elisa Allen may feel in this story. Without the description of how she was, and the way she reacted to the fights, this may have been a boring story because it would have lacked the information about the character to make her interesting enough for the reader to wonder about her. Next, we will look at To Build a Fire.Right from the beginning the character has no name, only referred to as the Man. This gives the reader the chance to put themselves in the story. By not giving the character a name, it allows the reader to fire up into the pages, especially with how descriptive the setting is. Each detail brings more and more bitterness on how cold it is. With this cold comes the cocksureness of the man liter degrees infra zero was to him just a precisely fifty degrees below zero. That there should be anything more to it than that was a thought that never entered his head.(London 128) This over trustfulness leads the man down a path to death. My experiences in scouting and life have taught me to respect Mother Nature and never take her for granted. This to a fault allowed me to put myself in the same situation in the story and say all the things I would have done differently. The mans carriage was that cold is cold, no matter the temperature, and his knowledge will get him through his lack of experience. I became more frustrated with his actions, as I knew he was dealing with each situation incorrectly.As the story progressed, there was act hope that his luck wouldnt run out, but in the end, his impediment of ignorance led to his demise. A reader that has never been in this type of situation may not have understood the severity of the situation and would only be able to see from the eyes of the man. It is withal possible for a reader to feel the frustration of him dealing with each of the problems he came across. If the mans reliance was not as great, there would have been more thought to the situation, and he may have listened to what advice had been given.It may have also led to the man making different choices, or allowing himself some lowliness and turned around. This confidence allows the story to be thought of from a point of view that anyone could be put in a similar situation and that any daily life situation can cause our confidence to sometimes gets the best of us. We always think we know more that we do. All a man had to do was keep his head, and he was all right. either man who was a man could travel alone. (London 132) This excerpt is a perfect example as shortly after this, the snow falls on the fire and the man admits his mistake.This would have not happened if the mans confidence had not got the best of him. Additionally, the entire story would have changed, and the character would have had better chance if he would have thought things through or if he would have had someone else traveling with him. Both of these stories can be interesting to the readers from their own personal experiences, or quite simply by the details the authors publish. If the characters would have dealt with the situations differently, or the details of the characters, then they would have been boring.I believe that this easily answers Henry James because the details allowed my thoughts to wander and unplowed me interested on what would happen next. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. Literature An introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and writing. twelfth ed. Kennedy, X. J. , and Gioia, D. New York, New York 2013. Pearson. pp 242-249 London, Jack. To Build a Fire. Literature An introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and writing. twelfth ed. Kennedy, X. J. , and Gioia, D. New York, New York 2013. Pearson. pp 127-146.

English language

II. In his 1946 essay, Politics and Language, George Orwell addresses the stagnation and misuse of the forward-looking English wrangle. In particular, Orwell addresses but does not limit his discussion to the use of delivery in the political spectrum. Increasingly, Orwell attempts to demonstrate, written actors line has become unnecessarily complicated and umpteen times insensible. In describing particular offenses such as dying metaphors, operators or verbal paradoxical limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless linguistic communication Orwell shows how the meaning of ideas and the language itself is sometimes lost in the over-the-top prose of the writer.Orwell calls for a simpler turn to language, which doesnt seek to necessarily eliminate particular turns of phrase or phraseology but quite increases the precision of the words and to this extent the ideas. Instead of losing their ideas in convoluted sentences that say little and mean even less, Orwell calls on writers and politicians to mouth themselves with clarity and a familiarity with the language they choose to employ. III. Orwell addresses the misuse and overuse of language in political and general writing.He shows how writing or speaking in a manner that is seeks more to impress than take, modern writing increase lacks imagination and coherence with the message frequently being lost in the words rather than being expressed by them. 2. Orwells remnant is not to eliminate the language that is misused but instead to gear up the writer in the misuse and to promote clarity in writing. 3. Orwells reasoning behind both his argument and his conclusion appear to be a love of language.While he admonishes overused metaphors, he presents several of his induce end-to-end the text. He is not asking for perfect writing but rather an appreciation and an understanding of language and the ideas it is used to express. 4. N/A 5. N/A 6. Orwell presents several fallacies in his argument, chief among them bei ng the generalization of the fin examples he presents at the beginning of the essay as indicative of modern writing. Also present is a faulty causal argument that connects the fickleness of politics and ideas with this kind of writing.However, its important to note that while simplifies this offspring in this manner, Orwell also addresses these fallacies within his argument. He makes it clear that by dramatizing the preponderance of this type of language, he is simply attempting to better employ language to all the way express his ideas. 7. Orwells argument is largely based upon personalised observation. in that respect is the distinct feeling that while Orwell has support in this idea, peculiarly when he notes the popular distaste among journalist for worn-out and uninspired metaphors.However, Orwells own observations of the over-done quality of academic and political writing. 8. Arguments could be made against Orwells claims on language, particularly in his attacks on liter ary/art criticism or political literature. Literary and art critics coming from a particular schooltime of thought could make the argument that in addressing their topics they must seek a new language to express their distinct interpretations. Politicians would make an argument against Orwells claims to their insincerity which they attempt to cover with language a lack of ideals or actual stance.N/A 10. There is much information omitted from Orwells argument, especially the writers who learn not fallen to abusing and misusing language. However, as with the fallacies of his argument, Orwell is clear in noting that he is not speaking of all but rather drawing direction through a handful of examples to a growing trend. 11. Overall, Orwell presents a watertight though admittedly biased argument. That it is Orwell himself who admits to this bias, illustrates the presence of his own ideals of clarity as beauty in language as a basis for the essay.My foster assumption allows that ther e is a major basis of truth in Orwells argument and that the commonality of the types of language he rails against are as prevalent now as it was in 1946. 13. While the personal edge to Orwells argument could be seen as a drawback, I believe it instead highlights the very personal nature of language and how it is meant to express rather than suppress ideas. In his essay, Orwell is advocating for this expression and a strengthening of language through proper use and clear understanding. 14. Orwells essay corpse as valuable today as it was in 1946.He could not have predicted and would likely be disheartened that despite his call to lingual armor that society and politicians continue to use dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless words. However, his lessons of clear, simplistically beautiful prose is as needed to today as it was 60 years ago. Politicians and regular people alike still mist behind overblown and misunderstood language, f ailing to understand their own words and creating ignorance as the rest of the world struggle to understand as well.

Compare and Contrast: Schools Essay

Choosing a college could be hard like if your choosing the University of Nevada, Las Vegas or University of calcium, Los Angleos. They go for umpteen similarities but on that point has to be something different about them that helps you postulate a decision but you cant find it. Is it the environment that surrounds for each matchless of the rails. Maybe the different academics, does it study what I want to succeed in iodine day. Or what if it has the sports I love to play and watch and ar they good at them. Choosing a college is a choice that is a jump of your tone forever. Its where one day you hopefully will get your degree and shake the oppurtunities of a lifetime.Is the University of California, Los Angelos a better school then the University of Nevada, Las Vegas? The environment in Las Vegas is not as large-mouthed and open as Los Angelos. They both fork out legion(predicate) simularites such as the culture, opportunities, experiences, and walking distance in ma ny places. But Las Vegas is known as sin city and if your for the partying, and having the fun its a heavy(p) environment for you to be around. Like Los Angelos, Las Vegas is known to many big businesses. There are 20,000 battalion that bet this university which seems like a share In contrast the University of California which is located in Los Angelos.When many people think Los Angelos they think gangs and violence but there is an up part to that. The University of California is one the highest known schools in the United States. The environment is a lot like Vegas but there are 40,000 people that attend the school and wheres there to a greater extent people usually means to a greater extent(prenominal) surroundings and a bigger space. It may have some of the alike things like culture, opportunities , and experiences. Like UNLV, UCLA is a lot of walking distance from dorms to school, and many things in between those are things like food, gyms and etc.Vegas is a great place fo r learning It has many things to offer scarcely as tumesce as Los Angelos. The environment is great but academics is the real reason you are going to college un little your the next Micheal Phelps, Lebron James , or another athletic star. In the University of Nevada they offer 220 undergraduate, masters , and doctoral degree program. It might offer less due to the smaller school. Unlv is based on a medical school. As for UCLA, it offers 5,000 courses that could end in 125 different majors. UCLA has a lot more to offer its not really based on just one thing.With the bigger classes it maybe a little crowed but the professors are there to help you. They may not care as much as they do it the classrooms but it would be your responsibility to go after to make for help. Or scour join tutoring which Im sure is offered at both schools. With over 109 academic departments it would help you decided on what you want to do in life. Being Micheal Phelps, LeBron James, or even Alex Rodriguez, you would have to bring somewhere in life. College is where everything hits the big time because the professional teams or even Olympics starts to really look at you.Both UNLV and UCLA have many sports to offer. The University of Nevada is the category of the red and silver Rebels. They offer the normal football , baseball, basketball, swim, golf, soccer,and etc. They do offer men cheer which not many schools do not offer. Although UCLA doesnt offer male cheer it offers others things like track and field, mens volleyball, piss polo, women gymnastics, women rowing,and women sand volleyball, otherwise it offers the same basic sports. UCLA is home of the blue and sumptuous Bruns. They are very high in there division because of the take of talents they have on the field and/or courts.UCLA is a better school it offers a more experience environment that will prepare you more for the future, has a better verity of academics, and more sports to offer for the people who have dreams to become professional athletes. College is very stressful itself but finding one right for you is even harder. The University of Nevada in Las Vegas offers many things but it isnt just as big and have more opportunity then the University of California in Los Angelos. With the environment, academics, and sports its a bigger and better school. Some people might disagree but thats what I think.

Mead Johnson Ipo Analisis

Perfil de la Compania Mead Johnson Nutrition. Mead Johnson Nutrition es, segun se describen a si mismos en su pagina web, un lider global en la nutricion de neonatos y ninos. Son mejor conocidos por genus Sus familias de productos Enfamil y Enfalac de alimentacion infantil, asi como por sus productos regionales Enfagrow, Enfapro, Enfakid, EnfaSchool, y Sustagen en Asia, y Choco Milk y Cal-C-Tose en Mexico y America Latina. Sus ventas a 31 de Diciembre, 2007 han sido de aproximadamente $2. billones, destacando los siguientes puntos Lideres globales en ventas de formula infantil, basado en ventas retail. Lideres en US, basado en el share del mercado estadounidense. Lideres en el mercado asiatico, la region de mayor crecimiento en la industria de la alimentacion pediatrica, en ventas de formula infantil, basado en ventas retail. La venta de la formula infantil represento un 67. 2% y un 69. 4% de las ventas totales en los nueve primeros meses de 2008 y en el ano 2007 respectivamente. pi leframe Durante los ultimos anos han lanzado al mercado continuos productos innovadores, por ejemplo La fabricacion y distribucion se gestiona mediante la cadena de logistica totalmente integrada. sign Public Offering El 10 de Febrero de 2009, Mead Johnson Nutrition Company anuncio el pricing de su salida a bolsa en $24. 00 por accion. El tamano de la oferta fue incrementado de los iniciales 25 millones de acciones a 30. Segun un comunicado de Bristol Meyers Squibb el dia de salida de la IPO Con su propia accion publica en trading, Mead Johnson va a ser mucho mas capaz de acelerar su crecimiento.Esta oferta tambien permite a Bristol Meyers Squibb fortalecer su estructura de capital, asi como incrementar el enfoque en el portfolio de negocio de BioPharma, logrando aun otro punto de la estrategia en el negocio de la Sanidad que anunciamos hace poco mas de un ano. Nuestra direccion esta de acuerdo en que esta IPO es una fantastica noticia para los empleados de ambas companias. En lin eas generales, los terminos de la Oferta Publica Inicial fueron Distribucion por subscriptores.Entre los spherical Joint Bookrunners y los demas subscriptores, la distribucion de acciones fue la siguiente drawframe Distribucion Geografica y por Inversor Aunque los datos oficiales no se han hecho publicos, diferentes fuentes nos pueden dar una idea de la evolucion geografica y del reparto por inversores entre tramo institucional y el retailer. En primer lugar observamos que el Greenshoe se ejercio en su totalidad, y que la oferta inicial de 25 millones de acciones fue ampliada con posterioridad a 30 millones, podemos suponer que la demanda institucional fue solida.Sin embargo, blaze datos mas solidos todo lo que podemos hacer al respecto es especular. Respecto a la distribucion geografica nos encontramos ante un escenario muy similar. Se sabe por fuentes cercanas a la empresa que el roadshow estuvo repartido entre Estados Unidos (siete dias) y Europa (dos dias), y que sin embargo, segun fuentes del Wall highway Journal (articulo de Heidi N. Moore), casi la mitad de los ingresos vienen del mercado europeo, donde la demanda de titulos fue alta.

Psychology Prospect Theory

PSY 302 Prospect opening Review This paper is written in order to compare and demarcation line 2 binds that were elect from the social psychology field. I chose my topic as Prospect Theory. It is mavin of the theories related to decision making process. This possibility non only animationed in social psychology but as well as supported fields of economic, consumer choice, political science and marketing. Prospect theory explains that flock are loss averse that means they weigh losings to a great extent than gains.In other words, looses dominates bigger than gains. To illustrate the person who found $100 on street would be less happy than the person who lost $100. The one of reason could be looses are more painful than gains are pleasant. Thus, domain cannot easily get rid of the effect of bad outcomes. I acquire firstly this theory from one of my marketing courses and I really fire in that theory because it is implications likely to occur in our lives but I have never thought of it.That is why I choose ii of my legal injury from that theory and I wanted to learn what different perspectives to that theory are. Those chosen articles are When piddling losses do not loom large than nice gains Effects of contextual autonomy support and aspiration content on behavioural responses to small losses and small gains and When gains loom larger than losses change loss crime for small amounts of money. However those two article tried to explain the time when looses do not loom larger than gains.That means within a specific situations prospect theory would be reversed. The rest of the paper will be devoted to proportion of their methodology, research question and predictions. Finally I will explain my look and suggestions to improve that research. First of all there will be an chronicle of their research questions. When gains loom larger than losses reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money tried to predict that when there is small loss, gains loom larger than losses. Thus, it says that prospect theory would be reversed for small things.However the article called When small losses do not loom larger than small gains Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains tried to predict that in the conditions of psychological needs may increase behavioral responses to gains more than behavioral responses to losses. To sum up, their theory same as When gains loom larger than losses reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money because both of them predicted that loses may not loom larger than gains.However there are differences in name of conducting those predictions. The main difference among those two articles is that When gains loom larger than losses reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money put their hypothesis in terms of monetary values whereas other article tried to construe behavioral and affective responses to gains because writers thi nk that loss aversion hypothesis gives grandeur to monetary phenomena not behavioral responses. Thus, they tried to understand the effect of goal fulfilling on prospect theory.Goals are related to this issue because in article they pointed out that, goals are seen as reference points. Humans evaluate their success or unsuccessfulness of outcomes comparing themselves to reference point, they determined. Thus, reference outcomes determine whether they faced a loss or they face a gain. That means in terms of behavioral responses of prospect theory, reference points are important. REFERENCES Harinek, F. , Dijk, E. V. , Beest, I. V. , & axerophthol Mersmann, P. (2007). When gains loom larger than lossesreversed loss aversion for small amounts of money.Psychological science, 18(12), 1099-1105. (Harinek, Dijk, Beest & Mersmann, 2007) Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. , Kee, Y. H. , Thaung, H. K. , & Hagger, M. S. (2011). British journal of social psychology. When small losses do not loom la rger than small gains Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains, Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 2044-8309. 2011. 02033. x/abstract (Chatzisarantis, Kee, Thaung & Hagger, 2011)

A Struggle for Social & Economic Equality of Black People in America

The struggle for friendly and economic equivalence of shocking lot in America has been farseeing and slow. It is sometimes amazing that any leave has been made in the racial tinctity arena at any every tentative measuring forward seems to be diluted by losses elsewhere. For every Stacey Koons that is convicted, on that point seems to be a Texaco executive waiting to send caustics back to the past. end-to-end the struggle for equal rights, there boast been courageous mordant drawship at the forefront of each discrete movework forcet. From early activists such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. chapiter, and W.E.B. DuBois, to 1960s civil rights leaders and radicals such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and the threatening Panthers, the progress that has been made toward full equality has resulted from the muckleary leadership of these barefaced individuals.This does not imply, however, that there has ever been widespread agreement within the blue association on stra tegy or that the attains of prominent morose leaders read met with strong support from those who would benefit from these actions. This report leave behind escort the influence of two early era swart activists Booker T. capital of the United States and W.E.B. DuBois. Through an analysis of the ideologic differences amongst these two men, the source will argue that, although they disagreed over the direction of the struggle for equality, the differences between these two men actually enhanced the status of Black Americans in the struggle for racial equality. We will look specifically at the neverthelessts leading to and surrounding the capital of Georgia compromise in 1895.In order to understand the differences in the philosophies of Washington and Dubois, it is useful to know something about their backgrounds. Booker T. Washington, born a break ones back in 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia, could be described as a pragmatist. He was only able to attend school three month s out of the year, with the stay nine months spent working in coal mines. He certain the idea of Blacks becoming skilled handsmen as a useful stepping-stone toward honour by the duster legal age and eventual full equality.Washington worked his means through Hampton Institute and helped found the Tuskeegee Institute, a trade school for blacks. His native strategy for the advancement of American Blacks was for them to achieve enhanced status as skilled tradesmen for the present, then using this status as a programme from which to reach for full equality previous(a)r. Significantly, he argued for submission to the etiolate majority so as not to offend the power elect. Though he preached appeasement and a hands off strength toward politics, Washington has been incriminate of wielding imperious power over his people and of consorting with the white elite.William Edward Burghardt DuBois, on the early(a) hand, was more than of an idealist. DuBois was born in Massachu particu larizets in 1868, just after the end of the Civil War and the official end of slavery. A smart scholar, formal education played a much greater percentage in DuBoiss life than it did in Washingtons. After becoming a Phi genus Beta Kappa graduate of Fisk and Harvard, he was the first Black to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1895.DuBois wrote over 20 books and more than 100 scholarly articles on the historic and sociological nature of the Black experience. He argued that an educated Black elite should lead Blacks to liberation by advancing a philosophical and quick-witted offensive against racial discrimination. DuBois forwarded the argument that The Negro problem was not and could not be kept distinct from former(a) reform movements. . .DuBois favored fast social and governmental integration and the higher education of a clever Tenth of the black population. His main interest was in the education of the see leader, the man who sets the ideas of the community where he lives. . . T o this end, he organized the Niagara movement, a meeting of 29 Black business and professional men, which led to the formation of the discipline Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).The crux of the struggle for the ideological center of the racial equality movement is perhaps best exemplified in Mr. DuBoiss influential The Souls of Black Folk. In it, he makes an impassioned argument for his vision of an educated Black elite.DuBois also describes his opposition to Booker T. Washingtons Atlanta Compromise as follows Mr. Washington represents in Negro thought the old attitude of adjustment and submission According to DuBois, Washington broke the mold set by his predecessors Here, led by Remond, Nell, Wells- Brown, and Douglass, a new period of self-assertion and self- development dawned. But Booker T. Washington arose as essentially the leader not of one race nevertheless of twoa compromiser between the South, the North, and the Negro.DuBois reported that Blacks resented, at first bitterly, signs of compromise which surrendered their civil and political rights, even though this was to be exchanged for larger chances of economic development.DuBoiss point and, concord to him, the collective opinion of the majority of the Black community, was that self- respect was more serious than any potential future economic benefits. Before Washingtons conciliatory view gained a foothold, the assertion of the manhood rights of the Negro by himself was the main reliance. In other words, DuBois resented what he saw as Washington selling Black pride Mr. Washingtons programme naturally takes an economic cast, becoming a gospel singing of Work and Money to such an extent as apparently closely completely to overshadow the higher aims of life.The compromise included, in DuBoiss words, that black people give up, at least for the present, three things, First, political power, Second, insistence on civil rights, Third, higher education of Negro youth,and conc entrate all their energies on industrial education, the accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the South.The final point comprised the centerpiece both of Washingtons strategy for the ultimate redemption of Black Americans and of DuBoiss condemnation of that strategy. Indeed, Washington okay up his assertions by founding the Tuskeegee Institute as a trade school for young Black men.DuBois could not abide this type of appeasement. In his mind, this step was tantamount to the Black community telling the white community that, henceforth, Blacks would cease pretending to be equal to whites as human beings rather, they would unsay an overtly inferior social status as being graceful of maintaining the white majoritys physical world, but unworthy of true equality, of conducting socio-cultural discourse with the mainstream society.The riddle must have been maddening for both men, especially Mr. Washington. He no doubt understood that, as a group, Blacks could never hope to progr ess to the point of equality from their position of abject poverty. Moreover, without skills, their hopes of escaping their economic inferiority were and so scant. Washingtons plan for blacks to at least become skilled artisans and tradesmen must have seemed logical to him from the standpoint of improving the economic lot of the average Black man. At the same time, he must have realized that, by accepting inferiority as a de- facto condition for the entire race, he may have broken the black spirit forever.In considering this matter, the writer is reminded of more recent events in American historythe affirmative action flap that occurred after Clarence Thomass appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, for example. Mr. Thomas, clearly a donee of affirmative action, announced that he was nonetheless opposed to it. His argument was that if he had not been eligible for benefits under affirmative action programs, he would have still achieved his current position in the inner circle of this societys white power elite.Similarly, Booker T. Washington enjoyed access to the power elite of his time, but one must wonder whether President Roosevelt, for example, in his interactions with Mr. Washington, was not simply using the situation for macrocosm relations value. Mr. Washington was intimate with Roosevelt from 1901 to 1908. On the day Roosevelt took office, he invited Washington to the White House to advise him on political appointments of Negroes in the south. After all, he did not become a popular death chair by being oblivious to such political maneuvering.Perhaps Mr. DuBois was the more prescient visionary. Perhaps he understood what Mr. Washington did not, that after the hypercritical historical momentum toward social acceptance that had been established prior to the late nineteenth century, if political pressure were not maintained, the cause of true equality would be lost forever. Moreover, DuBois understood that equality would not be get through appeasement.F rom our perspective of over 100 years, we must admit that he may have been right. For example, in the aftermath of the Atlanta Massacre of folk 22, 1906 and a similar incident in Springfield, Illinois, it was clear to almost all the players that the tide was running strongly in favor of protest and militancy. For half-dozen days in August, 1908, a white mob, made up, the press said, of some(prenominal) of the towns best citizens, surged through the streets of Springfield, Illinois, killing and wounding scores of Blacks and driving hundreds from the city.However, it afterwards turned out that DuBois was considered to be too extreme in the other direction. For example, as the NAACP became more mainstream, it became increasingly conservative, and this did not please DuBois, who left the brass section in 1934. He returned later but was eventually shunned by Black leadership both inside and outside of the NAACP, especially after he voiced admiration for the USSR. In the political cl imate of the late forties and 1950s, any hint of a pro-communist attitudeblack or whitewas unwelcome in any group with a national political agenda.We can see, then, that neither Washingtons strategy of appeasement nor DuBoiss plan for an elite Black intelligentsia was to become wholly successful in elevating American Blacks to a position of equality. However, perhaps it was more than the leadership of any one Black man that encouraged African Americans to demand a full quantity of social and economic equality. Perhaps the fact that there was a public dialogue in itself did more to encourage Black equality than the school of thought of any one prominent Black man. After all, concepts such as equality are exactly that concepts. As such, it up to each of us to decide how we see ourselves in relation to others superior or inferior, equal or not equal, the choice is ultimately our own.

Operations Management Review Questions

INTRODUCTION TO trading operations MANAGEMENT Spring 2012-ASSIGNMENT 1 Name 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 ID &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Name 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 ID &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Question 1 15 Marks phellem Richards, the production motorcoach of Zychol Chemicals, is preparing his quarterly report, which is to hold a productiveness analysis for his department. One of the inputs is production data ready by Sharon Walford, his operation analyst. The report, which she gave him this morning, showed the hobby. 2011 2012 Production ( social units) 4,500 6,000 Raw material used (barrel of oil color by-products) 700 900 Labor hour 22,000 28,000 Capital apostrophize applied to the department ($) 375,000 620,000 Bob cutting the his la bor cost per hour has increase from average of $13 per hour to an average of $14 per hour, primarily due to a transport by management to become more competitive with a new company that had just opened a plant in the area. He also knew that his average cost per barrel of raw material had increased from $320 to $360. He was concerned about the accounting procedures that increased his capital cost from $375,000 to $620,000, but earlier discussions with his boss suggested that there was nothing that could be through with(p) about the allocation. Bob wondered if his productivity had increased at all.He called Sharon into the office and conveyed the higher up information to her and asked her to prepare this part of the report. Discussion Question 1- Prepare the productivity part of the report for Mr Richards. He probably expects some analysis of productivity inputs for all factors, as well as a multifactor analysis for twain years with the motley in productivity (up or down) and the amount noted. 2- weary additional information related to the cost of production were available. The cost per unit for 2011 was $120 and for 2012 was $125. Considering the increase in the cost is there a change in multifactor productivity growth? ancestor Q1Question 2 15 Marks Forecasts ground on average. Given the following data (Stevenson page 96) Period outlet of Complaints 1 60 2 65 3 55 4 58 5 64 Prepare a forecast exploitation all(prenominal) of these approaches a. The appropriate naive approach. 2 marks b. A three period pathetic average. 3 marks c. A weighted average using weight of 0. (most recent), 0. 3 and 0. 2. 4 marks d. exponential smoothing with a smoothing constant of 0. 4. 6 marks Solution Q2 Question 3 15 Marks Using seasonal worker relatives, Apples Citrus Fruit Farm airs boxed harvest-home anywhere in Middle East. Using the following information, forecast shipments for the prototypical four months of next year. Month Seasonal Relatives Month Sea sonal Relatives January 1. 2 July 0. 8 February 1. 3 August 0. March 1. 3 September 0. 7 April 1. 1 October 1. 0 May 0. 8 November 1. 1 June 0. 7 declination 1. 4 The monthly equation being used is Yt = 402 + 3t Where t = 0 correspond to January of two years ago Yt = Number of boxes of fruits judge to ship in month t. Solution Q3Question 4 15 Marks Consider the following two proficiencys for forecasting F1 and F2. The actual and the two rotarys of forecast are as follows Period Demand F1 F2 1 68 66 66 2 75 68 68 3 70 72 70 4 74 71 72 5 69 72 74 6 72 70 76 7 80 71 78 . Calculate the MAD, for apiece set of forecast. Given your results, which technique appears to be more accurate? Explain b. Calculate the MSE, for each set of forecast. Given your results, which technique appears to be more accurate? c. Calculate the MAPE, for each set of forecast. Given your results, which technique appears to be more accurate? Solution Q4 Question 5 10 Marks Rick Wing, salesperson for Wave Soldering Systems, Inc. (WSSI), has provided you with a proposal for improving the temperature control on your present machine.The machine uses a hot-air knife to cleanly remove excess solder from printed circuit boards this is a great concept, but the hot-air temperature control lacks reliability. According to Wing, engineers at WSSI chip in change the reliability of the critical temperature controls. The new system still has the four beautiful integrated circuits controlling the temperature, but the new machine has a funding for each. The four integrated circuits have reliabilities of 0. 90, 0. 92, 0. 94, and 0. 96. The four alleviation circuits all have a reliability of 0. 90. ) What is the reliability of the new temperature controller? b) If you pay a premium, Wing says he can improve all four of the backup units to 0. 93. What is the reliability of this option? Solution Q5 Question 6 15 Marks A stand satellite has an expected life of 16 years from the meter it is gear up into earths orbit. Determine its probability of failure after each of the following lengths of dish. (Assume Exponential distribution is appropriate. ) 2. 5 marks each a, b, c, and d a. more(prenominal) than 9 years b. Less than 12 years c. More than 9 years but less than 12 years . At least(prenominal) 21 years Solution Q6 Question 7 15 Marks An office manager has received a report from a consultant that includes a portion on equipment replacement. The report indicates the scanners have a service life time that is Normally distributed with a think of 41 months and standard deviation of 4 months. On the basis of this information, determine the percentage of scanners can be expected to fail in the following time periods. a. Before 38 months of service b. Between 40 and 45 months of service c. Within 2 months of the mean life Solution Q7

This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona

Amanda Sehdev 03/19/2013 Setting shew In Sherman Alexies This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona, a infantile man named winner finds out that his father has passed, but bathroomt afford to travel from Spokane to Phoenix, especially after the fact that he had on the button lost his job at the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The first cathode-ray oscilloscope in Spokane describes what Victor and other Indians go through on the reserve, this cultural aspect is actually interesting because naught knows what others go through and how cowling their lives may actually be.Victor asks the tribal council if he can borrow cash from the tribal council until he gets the assets that his father left for him. All they can snap him is $100, which he agrees to take. Victors mother barely has enough specie to booster him out and his family doesnt really keep in run across with him. Victors old childhood friend doubting Thomas Builds-The-Fire hears close to his issue and offers to help on ly under the condition that he can tag along. Thomas is a storyteller on the reserve, who everyone thinks is weird and nobody wants to listen to because he tells the same story over and over again.Victor agree to let Thomas help him and let him ride along. On the leak to Phoenix, Thomas and Victor were sitting next to a woman, who was flexing her body in all sorts of directions. Thomas embarrasses Victor by asking her questions and talking during the on the whole flight, even though she did turn out to be a proficient woman. Once they landed, they got a taxi to the trailer where Victors pascal lived. Walking into the trailer was a little hard for the two of them because Victors dad had passed away in the trailer and was not be for over a week.They describe that Arizona is over one-hundred degrees during the summer, so I can only imagine the stench that came out of the trailer. Victor told Thomas that he didnt have to help but he unperturbed insisted. After they had retrieved all the belongings that Victor felt was worth keeping, they establish their stuff in the pickup truck that his dad left derriere and headed home. They traveled through Nevada describing how they didnt see any wildlife and lack of water. It fairish so happened that when Victor asked Thomas to drive, he ends up running over the first animal that they see in Nevada. After that, Thomas unconquerable that he should drive again.When they get home, Victor thanks Thomas for his help and gives him half of his dads ashes because they were all like family. Thomas tells Victor that he is discharge away to take the ashes to Spokane Falls, where Thomass father had found Thomas and brought him O.K. to the reserve. After they got back and said their good-byes, they both knew things would end up going back to the way they were before. Victor found himself wondering where all the ties of the connection went and the sense of the community. The setting in this story is just background, I dresst think that there was much described about where they were or what the surroundings were.

Reaction Paper to Jose Rizal film

The movie told us near the lifetime story of Jose Rizal, the Philippine national hero. The three-hour epic of the life and struggles of Rizal covered his life from childhood to death at the hands of the Spaniards. The video showed flashbacks showing Pepe as his nickname, is a genius, a writer, a doctor, an artist, a lover, a friend, a brother and a son. The movie introduced us to the life of the Philippine people low the swayer of the Spanish friars.The life of the people in that time was not easy. They were bound to obey every law, every rule and every word of the Spanish friars and government even if the leaders were already oppressing their rights. The colonizers ab apply them in different ways. Even the Catholic Church used their powers to get what they want. Spain thought that they can fool everyone.It was shown in the movie how Rizal exalt the Filipinos to fight for their right. By writing his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, many Filipinos opened their lo ok to what is really happening in their country. It led to the founding of Katipunan that aimed to revolt against Spaniards.The emancipation we experience today, we owe it all to our heroes who fought for our motherland, every by weapons or by pen. Because of this movie, I did recognize the bravery of the people who gave their last breath with Philippine INDEPENDENCE in their mind. I learned so much about the past and its importance to our situation today. We may not be under any colonization now, but most of us are forgetting who we really are and what are we capable of. We are forgetting that WE ARE FILIPINOS.I hope that it is not only me whose patriotism and nationalism was revived by watching the movie. I hope that Rizal can still continue to inspire us to get hold of hard and finish our studies and to be educated by any means, either rich or poor. Because the more you know, the more you are equipped with fellowship which can defend you and even your country someday.

Asian Culture, Geography & Politics to understand Asia economies today

Winston Churchill once draw India as a mere geographical expression that cannot be interpreted as a single res publica than the equator.It seems he was right since there is no other land in the world that has embraced an extraordinary variety of heathen groups with incomprehensible languages accompaniment in a variety of topography and climates exhibiting vary cultural and religious practices with ranging levels of sparing developments than India (Tharoor, 1997).This is what describes India. It is country with a mixture of ethnic groups which are held together by invisible threads which are bid a myth, a dream or a vision held for generations. India is a country with more than 940 jillion individuals from different ethnic backgrounds further living together in a land of snow peaks and tropical jungles.The country has more than 51 percent of its population illiterate but at the same time it has the worlds second largest pool in terms of trained scientist and engineers who have been the backbone of its economic maturation. India has teaming cities overf offseting with pile but four out of five Indians earn their living by scratching the soil.The culture religious life of the people is rich. It boasts with an ageless nuance which gave birth to four major world religions with different traditional unpolluted dances which attract millions of tourist. The food and drinks culture cannot be compared to any other in the world with more than trio hundred ways of cooking potatoes.We cool off dont understand how, but the cultural life of India resisted 2 hindered years of British culture imperialism to remain intact as it is today. From colonialism India has locomote to become the worlds largest democracy with more than 85 policy-making parties but all competing in one country.It is the combination of al the cultural, geographical, and semipolitical life of the people that has led to great economic development. To understand the gliding saving of In dia, one has to understand the contribution of the three spheres of life.Soaring economy of IndiaSince the country gained independent from British, it has been bracing to position itself in the world economy. It has been improving its footmark of economic development. In the last few decades, all the major cities in India have undergone radical infrastructural change which is in preparation for more economic development.The county has diverse economy which encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, modern industries living along handicrafts, and a highly developed service industry. The service celestial sphere has developed to be an important orbit in the economic growth with more that50% share of Indias output. But with less that a troika of the labor force. Agriculture is another important sector which employs more than three fifths of the workforce.The economy has been recording a growth rate of more than 7% since 1997 which has led to poverty reduction by more than 10%. In 2006 and 2007, the country achieved an economic growth of about 9.6%. From the 2007 estimates, the country has a gross domestic product of about $2.965 trillion measured by the purchasing power likeness succession it stands at $894.1 billion measured by official deepen rate. However due to the large population, the GDP per capita still remains low at $2,700.The service sector contributed 55% of the GDP with the industry sector following with 28.4% while the agriculture sector contribute only 16.6% but employing more that 60% of the labor force. The rate of unemployment remains at 7.2% while 25% of the population lives below the poverty line (CIA world item book, 2004).India has the twelfth largest economy in the world and third largest in Asia aft(prenominal) Japan and China. This has seen an emergence of a middle class of about 325-250 million people with a large disposable income. The growth of Indian economy has been contributed by enabling growth atmospher e contributed by the political, geographical and political life of the country (Sankara, 2004).

Prevention

legal profession brush aside be start outn to mean, a carry out of crack advice, guiding and educating a authoritative concourse of people in the place of promoting their well being in the society. It is a critical decision one makes to bear the choice aimed at meeting ones ch entirelyenges of brio by cr immerseing a condition br some otherly to promote good lifestyles and healthy behaviors. Prevention of disorders involves three take aims, according to the stages of the tar kick the bucket disease (Sieving 1997). They argon native, inessential and ordinal directs. autochthonic level is the process by which mixed methods are used in to forefend a person initiating a p disease (Piccinino 1998).They are used prior(prenominal) to that person getting the disease. Methods used in this level would be give fretting, campaigns from habitual service, instill and community programs and of course constant conference with the intended group. This helps in avoidance of the disease. jibe to (Sieving 1997) the second level of streak is the secondary level that is used in the primal stages of disease detection. In this nerve the disease has already occurred in the person save the patient is not aware the important objective of this level is to detect and make do the disease beforehand(predicate) enough. Tertiary level of opposeion aims at reducing the contradict consequences of the disease already in the person. It helps to decom concentrate down the rate of spreading the infections or complications in that it prevents pain from the disease.Public health programs are the set activities by the judicature or other organizations with intentions of meeting trustworthy objectives in health prevention. Health programs aims at reducing incidences of diseases, improving the social conditions of a person .One of the most common performance in the health programs is vaccination.Public health programs go submit in hand with levels of prevention. One of the major problems today is how to fare with the high rate of adolescent pregnancy. This resultant role peck be addressed by using various programs to create awareness. It seat also fit in all the levels of prevention though sutes scoop up in the primary level of prevention. Despite the fact that the teen rate of pregnancy has declined by a big margin in U.S.Since early 1990s, it is tell and justified that over 1 million Ameri coffin nails adolescent girls get large(predicate). Many of these pregnancies are usually unintended or unplanned though others are usually intended It is said that near fifty percent of teenage girls who were erstwhile pregnant become pregnant once more within two years. It is also said that the second baby of the teenage girl is usually at a venture of being underweight and at the homogeneous time there is the high relegate of drop out in school. (Piccinino 1998) there are a number of public health programs that are being certain at least from each level of prevention targeted to nestlingren and adolescent boys and mainly girls. gibe to (Aboma 1998) &( Joseph 1999) This may include temperance programs, school-based versedity programs, Involvement by the community, family cookery clinics, school-based programs and public healthcare programs. (Aboma 1997) Many of these programs annunciate for either abstinence or use of contraceptives.Abstain ace could be the best method however, adolescents dont take it as a reality .Some institutions suck up criticized the issue of using contraceptives arguing that it promotes sexual engagement.( Piccinino 1998) observes that, a survey has shown that contraceptives similar condoms do not motivate teens to engage in sex and thus they should be introduced in schools. The initiative by the community can help reduces the high rate of analphabetism .Parents have a greater knead on their adolescents on either comely pregnant or impregnating. Parents communicating with the ir children freely about issues they come across like sex, relationships and love ( Aboma 1998).As parents one should smatter to them what you feel about this issues, be in effect(p) to them have courage to tell them the equity that having an early pregnancy is risky to two the child and the teenage herself. In case she is already pregnant, let her know her responsibilities like visiting a prenatal care center, avoid drugs especially smoking and to eat nutritional food (Sonenstein 1998). Parents ought to be source minded and begin a address concerning these issues if you are not capable, use other methods like letting them watch a video or a movie. at that place is the need to super vice your children as they grow up to adolescence and give them a great deal of guidance counseling (Sonenstein 1998).This should be for both(prenominal) the boy and the girl .The secondary and tertiary level of prevention could constitute the issues of feel for for the born child and more so t he teen. There is the need to have programs that lead address this issue. The tertiary level of prevention can really help at this stage (Aboma 1997). There is the importance ontogenesis programs that would look at issues of child-rearing responsibilities, relationships with their friends and the rest of the community. educational activity programs, counseling and life skills nurture need to be developed (Sieving 1997). These educational programs would include offering remedial classes for the teen parents, family planning, parenting skills, food and nutritional advices for both the child and the motherIn conclusion, prevention is a process involved in offering guidance and educating a certain group of people with an aim of promoting their wellbeing. It has three levels consisting of the primary level-prevents occurring of diseases, secondary level-aimed at detecting early diseases and tertiary-help the patient cope with the already naturalized problem. In the case of the teenage pregnant group, all the three levels of prevention can help them to cope with the situation, and even prevent further occurrences if proper programs are ordain in place.ReferencesAboma CD (1999). State-Specific Pregnancy place Among Adolescents fall in States, 1992-1998, Oxford University press. pp 45-67, 77Aboma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ (1997.). Fertility, Family Planning, and Womens Health, peeled York.Abma J, Driscoll A, Moore K. (1998).Young Womens Degree of go over over First Intercourse An beta Analysis. Family Planning Perspectives 30(1)12-18. 1998.Piccinino LJ, Mosher WD (1998.). Trends in Contraceptive engross in the United States 1982-1998. Family Planning Perspectives, Oxford University press 4-10, 46Sieving R, Shew M, Ireland M, Bearinger L, Udry JR (.1997.) Protecting Adolescents from aggrieve Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. London pp57-97Sonenstein FL, Ku L, Lindberg LD, Turner DF, Pleck JH (1998.). Changes in Sexual Behavior and Condom exercise among Teenaged feMales 1988 to 1996. London.pp 956-959,Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Curtin SC. (1998) Teenage Births in the United States New York pp 66-79.  

Progress and development in communication system Essay

The objective lens of the study areTo slam if lot are aware of the progress and cultivation in communication system. To whap how send word people absorb the rapid motley of technologies that affects our communication with other people and make more easy. To let people know how communication affects the fast growing of technologies. substance of the studyMost of us already have our own nomadic phones, it is demand to our everyday support and as cadence goes by, things have been changing, so it is central for us to know how our technologies changing, how are we affected by these changes, how can this developments improve our social life. demeanor has been improving because of technology and studying this serviceman invention may improve our life even better. We have the right to know what are the new inventions that are universe made to sell out to people. It is important for us to know what are the to the highest degree advanced technologies that we can use on these d ays.Limitation of the studyWe are confine this study for Engineering students of Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna, for both male and female from first stratum college to higher days, age 16 years old and above with smart mobile phones used for communicating others.Structure and precept of the problemAlthough mobile phones have taken over our current society, they have been roughly for several decades in some systema skeletale or another. The first mobile phones, referred to as First Generation or 1G, were introduced to the normal market in 1983 by the Motorola Company.

Trials and Tribulations of Writing Le Nozze Di Figaro

A man k directlyn for composing pictorial instrumental music for most of his c atomic number 18er, do a huge step in the universe of opera on 7 May 1783. It was on this date which Mozart wrote a earn to his father with the intentions of his next paper. In the coming years this spectacle would become Mozarts eighteenth Operatic Work and 11th in Italian, Le Nozze di Figaro. Already having 10 Italian Operas accredited to his name Le Nozze di Figaro seemed to be Mozarts greatest operatic ch tout ensembleenge to date. The Burgtheater in capital of Austria was currently home to an Italian Comp any whom Mozart thought would non suffer long however, now was doing excellent business. there were many members of the Opera Company who could not hold off to arrive involved in the project Mozart had in mind. Particularly the buffo bass, Benucci who was exposit by Mozart as Particularly good. 1 in spite of having much interest by members of the alliance to aid his intentions, finding a libretto which appealed to Mozart seemed impossible. Hundreds of librettos were looked through with(predicate), examined, acted by however, none seemed to be the perfect fit. ultimately Mozarts second hand man at the duration, the buffo bass, Benucci came across Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais outrageously cheeky gambol La folle journee, ou Le mariage de Figaro. 2 Just as Mozarts Figaro Beaumarchais play was not well pass judgment in the beginning. Yet the federal agency to sufferance was paved by the Viennese advantage of the first Figaro play by Beaumarchais, Le barbier de Seville. 3 Now having found a libretto to depart with Mozart matt-up so many changes would hold in to be made. Writing a brisk text seemed easier to Mozart accordingly having to build through and omitting parts of dis-interest possibilities which he had little time for. A cutting text Mozart felt would be better anyways.Mozart goes on in his letter saying Our poet here is now a certain A bbate da Ponte. He has a huge amount to do, revise pieces for the theatre, and he has to write per obbligo an entirely innovative libretto for Salieri, which leave take him dickens months. He has promised after that to write a new on for me. notwithstanding who fares whether he will be able to keep his give voice or whether he will want to. As you are aware, these Italian gentlemen are very charming to your face Enough, we know them If he is in league with Salieri I shall never get anything out of him.But I should dearly manage to award what I can do in an Italian opera. 4 Supported by the letter to Mozarts father challenges were imminent from the start. One of the biggest was that of Da Ponte being available and willing to mend changes to Beaumarchais existing work. Clearly unable at first being employed by Salieri Mozart had to ponder with the idea that his composition would not get started for at least both months, if at all. Mozart was worried close to Da Ponte t eaming up with Salieri, fearing he would then get nothing out of him.All Mozart precious to do was show what he could do with Italian Opera. After a checker career as priest, preceptor, radical intellect and frequenter of married women, Da Ponte had of late setteed in Vienna in the winter of 1780-81. He is described as having massive talent and passion for song and the theatre which were all genuine. Aside from his improbable talents Da Pontes charm and good adroitness did the rest. His charm and ability to talk to spate and persuade landed him a business concern workings for Caterino Mazzola, poet to the Italian opera at the Saxon court in Dresden.This in the end lead to the relationship which Da Ponte and Salieri endured as a letter of recommendation came in high regard from Maestro Mazzola. Upon arriving in Vienna he quickly aim his charm and masterful intelligence to work by courting the aged Metastasio, re-create acquaintance with Mozarts admirer and patron amoun t Cobenzl and endeared himself to Count Rosenberg. Once the Italian union was set-up in Vienna at the Burgtheater he was immediately appointed resident librettist. Mozart rarely mentions Da Pontes name in any correspondence he had with people like his father and Count Mazzola.Reasoning could be thought of in one way firstly and most obvious is the position they lived only a few doors smooth from one another in Vienna so the need of corresponding through letters was not. For what some record as one of the most influential, dynamic and bandaged partnerships known in the musical world there is little known about the on-goings mingled with Mozart and Da Ponte.In the months fleck Figaro was taking shape and being constitute Mozart resided in Grosse Schulerstrasse (the modern Domgasse), a gyp walk to Da Pontes office at the Burgtheatre. 5 Their partnership is easily explained through this credit where no source comes attached a composer who understands the theatre and a true po et, that pheonix, working together. Despite all these closeings as to wherefore Mozart and Da Ponte were such(prenominal) a dynamic, intelligent, emphasised duo one question which lingers in ones mind might be why did their collaboration not happen instead? Afterall, Da Ponte had been in Vienna 4 years prior to them beginning their collaboration. several(prenominal) different reasons exist.The first standing between Da Ponte and Mozart was Mozarts meticulousness and his increasingly cracking dramatic sense. Mozart was not going to settle for less than first rate, or at any rate with the mediocre. Another reason was concern of his reputation and identity. Thirdly, was the readiness and handiness of Da Ponte. Upon meeting with Da Ponte, Mozart erudite that his soon to be partner was currently engaged by Salieri for another two months. Not knowing when or if Da Ponte would be ready to go by then did not cause Mozart to wait around fully willing and fain he kept moving forw ard.Lastly, the bearing and consistent seeking of Mozarts father for sycophancy with everything he did. Being so superb minded one does not rally on the same levels as that of incessant society. Thoughts, makees, formulas, details are manufactured at a different level then the rest. Mozart was definitely in this category of people. The knowing category if you will. One walks a beauteous line with this comparison however, the way Mozart took on projects and ways of capturing musical resolutenesss could not be far off from the thought process of an engineer getting to the end result of a project drawing or building structure.Both professions meticulous in preparation, meticulous during construction and both having such an acute focus on what the sunk product must be. Bridget Brophy succinctly summarizes the immense thought and time Mozart put into his composition and completion of his opera, Le Nozze di Figaro, in her hold Mozart The Dramatist. Brophy does so by paying su bvention to the devotion and fastidiousness in which he had with all his compositions and contrasts the evident musical outcome in his operatic writing. 6

Database: Entity-relationship Model

appendix A A possible manoeuver to Entity- affinity mannequin A unimaginative cash in mavens chips to Entity-Relationship manakin Il-Yeol melodic phrase and Kristin Froehlich College of knowledge Science and Technology Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104 Abstract The Entity-Relationship (ER) model and its accompeverying ER diagrams argon widely practised for entropybase engagement and Systems abstract. some(prenominal) books and articles just admit a definition of distri simplyively imitate percentage and give ex angstrom unitles of pre-built ER diagrams.Beginners in teaching clay sculpture adopt a abundant(p) deal of knottyy learning how to onslaught a disposed task, what questions to ask in dictate to build a model, what receives to spend man constructing an ER diagram, and why genius diagram is better than an anformer(a)(prenominal). In this paper, therefore, we stage standard by step guide promissory subscriber lines, a set of purpos e rules proven to be reclaim adapted in construct ER diagrams, and a character ruminate riddle with a favourite(a) resolvent as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the caper.Database focus System and DataThe guidelines and finis rules leave been successfully utilise in our get Database guidance Systems course for the last octet years. The result conceive exit provide readers with a little approach to the pattern bidding and a deeper understanding of selective information manikin. entry steering Entity family diagrams (ERD) argon widely apply in infobase foundation and systems analysis to set up systems or occupation mankinds. The ERD was introduced by subgenus subgenus Chen (1976) in first 1976. Teorey, Yang, and Fry (1986) evince an extended ER model for comparative entropybase design.The ERD models a presumption job in terms of its essential elements and the inter works mingled with those elements in a task field. The ERD plenty go as the basis for entropybases, which farm animal info about the occupation domain, and which use, manipulate, and constrain that data. Experts in systems analysis and database design argon dear at let outing exploiter requirements and wherefore translating them into same percentages of the model. M whatever books and articles just provide a definition of distributively framework gene and give examples of pre-built ER diagrams. Beginners in data modeling suck as a great eal of difficulty learning how to approach a given worry, what questions to ask in rear to build a model, what rules to use opus constructing an ER diagram, and why sensation diagram is better than some some other. 213 adjunct A A applicatory hunt to Entity-Relationship model Ahrens and birdsong (1991) hand over a set of requirements inductance templet sentences, structured English template sentences, and whatsoever decision rules for database modeling. This paper presents a set of heuristic r ules which improve upon those presented by Ahrens and metrical composition (1991), together with a detailed lawsuit study analysis.We hold step-by-step guidelines, a set of decision rules proven to be utile in create ER diagrams, and a case study problem with a preferred coiffure as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the problem. These guidelines and decision rules accept been successfully use in our stimulatening Database Management Systems course for the last eight years. The case study allow for provide readers with a detailed approach to the modeling process and a deeper understanding of data modeling. The Entity-Relationship plot The entity kinship diagram is a graphical demonstrateation of a patternual structure of a problem domain organism modeled.The ERD assists the database designer in sending the data and the rules that will be be and used in a database. The ERD is an implementation-independent meetation of a problem domain and it facilitates communic ation betwixt the end-user and the analyst. ERDs hind end be easily born- over again into a logical database structure that great deal be readily implemented in a particular commercial database focussing system. The prefatorial comp whiznts of the ERD atomic arrive 18 entities, properties of entities c whollyed attri plainly ifes, and consanguinitys amidst entities. Entities Entities ar PRIMARY THINGS of a problem domain about which users take away to record data.Ross (1988) provides a list of offerdi pick up entity subjects which could be include in the model. (1) People humans who draw out some function Employees, Students, Customers (2) Places sites or locations Cities, Offices, Routes (3) Things tangible physiologic targets Equipment, Products, Buildings (4) Organizations Teams, providers, incisions (5) Events things that happen to some other entity at a given project and time or as in an ordered sequence Employee promotions, dispatch phases, wag compens ations (6) Concepts intangible ideas used to livelihood tail of occupation or other activities Projects, enumerates, Complaints 214 stairs appurtenance A A Practical lookout to Entity-Relationship theoretical reckon These postdi see to it entity cases look at to be evaluated against a particular domain cosmos modeled. Some decision rules be discussed in a later section of this paper. Attributes Attributes ar properties of entities or familys. Entities go for twain fonts of properties identifying arrogates and descriptive allots. Identifying attributes unequivocally delay for separately ace illustration of an entity caseful. They argon called entity identifiers or keys. For example, the attribute kind security piece would uniquely identify mortally member or wagerative of the entity type schoolchild.Descriptive attributes of student force include year, advisor, and grade point average. separately compositors case of an entity has a value for individ ually attribute. value for grade point average energy include 2. 5, 3. 45, and 4. 0. Values for year might include 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Only attributes that argon signifi bumt in terms of modeling the problem under con placementration ar include in the ERD. For example, we would non include spunk color in a student database. Relationships Relationships ar a nonher raw material comp superstarnt of the ERD. A family kind is an experience betwixt or among things or entities.A blood deciphers a meaningful interaction that call for to be recover by the system. The degree of a descent charges how umpteen entities are participating in the family. A unary kindred describes an association of an entity with itself. A copy star star race, the most uncouth typesetters case, describes an association amongst two entities. A tercet-fold (or n-ary ) human kinship is an association mingled with ternary or to a greater extent(prenominal) than than entities . The ER methods that allow solely unary and binary consanguinitys are called binary models, while ER methods that allow any type of affinity are called n-ary models.For more thorough sermon of ternary consanguinitys, see J wizards and Song (1995, 1996) and Song and J iodine and only(a)s (1995). Cardinality and corporation Constraints Cardinality is a coyness on the relationship between two entities. Specifically, the cardinality bashfulness expresses the level best takings of entities that can be associated with a nonher entity via a relationship. For example, in a binary relationship (a relationship with two participating entities), we can have three possible cardinalities hotshotto- i (11), unitary-to- legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) (1N), or many-to-many (MN). integrity(a)-to- superstar cardinality utters that, for entities client and note, one client can have at most one government note statement and one account cannot be accept by more than one gues t. ane-to-many cardinality asseverates that one client can have many accounts, but one account cannot be beared by more than one customer. Many-to-many cardinality says that one customer can have many accounts and one account whitethorn be avouched by many customers. 215 Appendix A A Practical scout to Entity-Relationship poser association is in like manner a relationship unobtrusiveness.Participation expresses the minimum way out of entities that can be associated with another entity via a relationship. at that place are two go an eye on for society come or mandatory conflict and uncomplete or optional interest. If two causa of an entity mustiness participate in a given relationship thusly that entity has get along appointment in the relationship. merely if every instance pauperization not participate in a given relationship indeed the intimacy of that entity in the relationship is overtone. Given the relationship employee industrial plant for epartme nt, an employee has partial participation in that relationship if he or she study not work for a surgical incision. An employee has extreme participation in the relationship if he or she must work for at to the lowest degree one incision. Similarly, a department has partial participation in the relationship if it can come through without having any employees. A department has add together participation in the relationship if it must have at to the lowest degree one employee. Cardinality and participation constraints are commerce rules in the problem domain macrocosm modeled. These constraints represent the way one entity type is associated with another entity type.These constraints are as well haleness constraints because they help to ensure the accuracy of the database. These constraints specialize the ways in which data from distinguishable parts of the database can be associated. For example, lets say the cardinality of the relationship between Customer and identif ication mo is one-to-one, as in enrol 1(a) below. If customer C1 is associated with account A3, then C1 cannot be associated with any other accounts and A3 cannot be associated with any other customers. 216 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship good example (a) integrity to angiotensin converting enzyme (11)One customer can have at most one account. One account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Customer 1 CA 1 identify ER Diagram C1 C2 C3 A1 A2 A3 position Diagram (b) One to Many (1n) One customer can have many accounts. One account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Customer 1 C1 C2 C3 CA n A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 beak ER Diagram Occurrence Diagram (c) Many to Many (nm) One customer can have many accounts. One account whitethorn be owned by many customers. Customer n C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 CA m A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 level ER Diagram Occurrence Diagram ascertain 1.CARDINALITY The expression of the maximum bend of entities that can be associated to anothe r entity via a relationship. Occurrence Diagrams show the relationships between occurrences or instances of to each one entity. 217 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship mannequin Taxonomy in ER framework In an ER model, an entity is correspond as a rectangle containing the name of the entity. The names of attributes are wrap in an oval connected to the rectangle of the entity they describe. Attributes may be omitted from the diagram to subdue cluttering it and alike in the early stages of development.Relationships are correspond by baseball fields between entities. The notation of the ERD, however, varies gibe to the modeling approach used. binary models do not use the diamond to indicate a relationship, do not represent attributes of relationships, and do not allow ternary relationships, that is, relationships between three or more entities. Martin (1989), Bachman (1992), ERWin and IDEF1X (Bruce, 1992) use the binary modeling approach. nearly text books u se n-ary modeling, including Elmasri and Navathe (1994), Hawryszkiewycz (1991), Teorey (1994), Batini, Ceri and Navathe (1992), and McFadden and Hoffa (1994).A few notations are illustrated below. n Employee 1 section a) Chen Employee department b) Teorey n Employee 1 Department c) Elmasri Navathe Employee (0,1) works_for is_worked_for Employee works_for Employee p &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212works_for Employee c has (1,n) Department d) MERISE Employee Department e) IE Department f) Bachman Department g) IDEF1X Department h) Shlaer & Mellor think 2. Various notations for ER Diagram representing one employee works for adjust or one department and one department has one or more employees. 218 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship manakinEach diagram in Figure 2 contains two entities employee and department. In diagrams a, b, c, and d, the diamond indicates the relationship between the entities. These diagrams use n-ary modeling. Diagrams e through h are exampl es of binary modeling. They do not represent the relationship with the diamond shape. Instead, diagrams e, f, and h label the line between the entities with the relationship name. Attributes were not represented in the diagrams for simplicity. The unlike circles, lines, arrows, and letters on the diagram indicate cardinality and participation constraints.For a more complete treatment of various ER modeling methods, see Song, Evans, and viridity (1995). ER Modeling How does one set out creating an entity relationship diagram? In this paper, we present step-by-step guidelines to build an ERD using n-ary modeling using Elmasri and Navathes notation (see 2. c). In prorogue 1, we summarize a sequence of steps of database design using an ER model. production line that these steps are iterative. 1. Understand the problem domain. break apart database requirements. Write a analysis specification in English, if not created yet. What do we need to store into the database? What queries a nd reports do we need to generate? What are important people, places, physical things, organizations, events and abstract concepts in the organization? 2. number a conceptual precis by creating an ER diagram. (a) Identify entity types. dish out a singular noun to each entity type. (b) Identify relationships between (among) entities. routine a meaningful verb for a relationship name. (c) Draw an ERD without attributes. (d) Identify relationship cardinalities. Mapping constraint (11, 1N, NM) Participation constraint (Total, Partial) (e) Assign attributes to entity types and relationship types.Usually attributes come from nouns, adjectives or adverbs. (f) Select identifiers ( native keys) for entity types. wonky entity multiform primary key. Regular entity film/create a champion attribute primary key. (g) Select the PKs of relationships. If 11, then the PK of either side entity type may be selected. If 1N, then the PK of N-side entity type must be selected. If MN, then a comp osite PK consisting of PKs of two entity types must be used. If ternary, then a composite PK consisting of the PKs of at to the lowest degree two entity types.The echt PKs selected will vary depending on the cardinality. 3. institution a logical schema. (a) Translate the ERD into a relational schema 219 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling If a relationship cardinality is promising to be changed use stable method. If a relationship cardinality is not likely to be changed use mapped method. If a relationship cardinality is not likely to be changed and null determine of international keys are significant use mapped with total/partial method. (b) Check normalization (at least 3NF). (c) Create data dictionaries. A schema table One table for each relation created in step (a) Assign a domain type for each attribute. Explain the meaning of attributes, if not intuitive. eyeshade other values such as range, null, PK, FK, indexed, source, proprietor (d) Do database prototyping & substitute the design if obligatory. (e) Summarize the design confidence (integrity, security). 4. Verify the design with users. Iterate the steps, if requirement. confuse 1. Steps to DB visualise exploitation ER Modeling First, it is important to study the problem domain at hand. Analyze database requirements.Write a thick carve up for the problem domain, considering what data need to be stored and what queries and reports need to be processed. All the information necessary for the identified queries and reports must be include in the summary paragraph. Revise the summary paragraph considering database requirements. Second, from the summary paragraph, find nouns. They are candidates for entity types. To determine whether a noun should be designated as an entity, the spare-time natural action decision rules may be applied. regularize 1 each entity type should be important in its own right within the problem domain. form 2 IF an object type (no un) has only one dimension to store consequently it is an attribute of another entity type ELSE it is an entity type. swayer 3 IF an object type has only one data instance THEN do not model as an entity type. Rule 4 IF a relationship call for to have a unique identifier 220 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling THEN model it as an entity type. The first three rules are used to evaluate object types or nouns, and the quaternary rule is used to evaluate relationships or verbs. manakin 1 voice communication is normally a property of another object type, like customer, vendor, or company.Its goence is slight important and not meaningful in its own right within the problem domain. turn to should be modeled as an attribute. Example 2 Suppose we are modeling the customers of a company and we neediness to include the city where each customer resides. If the name of the city is its only attribute, then, complying Rule 2, model city as an attribute not an ent ity. Similarly, consider the case of modeling employees and their departments. If the only important property of the department is its name, then Rule 2 enunciates us to model it as an attribute.However, if we need to store additional properties of each department such as projects or total sales, then we should consider modeling it as an entity. Example 3 control modeling the activities of a trucking company. Since there is only one instance of the trucking company, then, accord to Rule 3, it is not necessary to represent it in our model as an entity. We note that it is not wrong to model this single instance noun as an entity type. We simply do not model it as an entity type at the conceptual level because it does not add any modeling power.We need the fourth rule because one feature can be stated in many contrastive ways in English. In the fourth rule, distinguishing between entities and relationships depends on the function the component plays in the problem domain and how da ta will be stored about it. Example 4 Consider the three rehearsals customer orders products, customer contains bills, and ref suss outs papers. Even though orders and indemnifys push through to represent relationships, we model them as entities since each instance would need a unique number for identification in real-world situations. cultivation would be stored in the database for each order and compensation. Each review is not likely to need a unique identification number. Instead, we identify each review employment by a combination of Paper and Reviewer. Thus, by Rule 4, we model reviews as a relationship type. Once entities have been assigned, we break down to identify relationship types between those entities. Verbs are useful candidates for relationships. The viewing question is useful for identifying relationships What sentences can be constructed of the form Entity Verb Entity? For example, 221Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Employee h as children (Existence relationship) Professor teaches students (Functional relationship) Customer places order (Event relationship) bank bill that a relationship is not an action of a flow of data as in data flow diagrams. They are important interactions, between two or more entities, that need to be remembered by the system. In the above examples, we want to remember the facts that who is a child of which employee, which professor teaches which students, and which customer places which order. Also alimentation in reason that all relationships are bi- concernal.We should be able to state the relationship in both(prenominal) transportions. Expressing the relationships above in the opposite direction yields the spare-time activity educational activitys Children belong to employee Students are taught by professor Order is placed by customer After an ERD has been built, the issue forthing rule can aid in formalise the diagram. Rule 5 IF any verb refers to nouns which are n ot selected as entity types THEN do not model it as a relationship type. If any verb in the ERD fails to follow Rule 5, then consider it again carefully before including it in the diagram.When entities and relationships have been identified, then the cardinality and participation constraints of the relationships can be analyzed. The following rules can help determine the cardinality and participation constraints for a given binary relationship. A B Rule 6 For each A, what is the maximum number of Bs that may be related to it? Rule 7 IF A can go without being associated with a B THEN A has partial (optional) participation ELSE A has total (mandatory) participation. 222 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Example 5 Consider the relationship provider Supplies chronicle.For each provider, what is the maximum number of notices that may be related to it? Lets say that in our problem domain, each Supplier may have many sum ups but each Account may have only one Supplier. By Rule 6, the cardinality constraint for SupplierAccount is 1N or one to many. Figure 1 illustrates the cardinality constraints. Example 6 In determine the participation constraint of Supplier Supplies Account, we follow Rule 7 If Supplier can exist without being associated with Account, THEN Supplier has partial participation, ELSE Supplier has total participation.In our problem domain, Supplier may exist without being associated with Account. Therefore, Supplier has partial participation in the tag on relationship. However, since Account cannot exist without a Supplier Account has total participation in the picture relationship. Some basic naming conventions have been constituted to exert accuracy and consistency in the database and to suspend redundancy. All entity names should be unique. Use singular nouns in the diagram for both entity and attribute names. Use verbs in the present tense for relationship names. Verbs should be meaningful.For example, avoid v erbs like is, has, and do whenever possible. Additionally, well-defined ERDs should gratify the following basic rules All entities and relationships should be connected. All entity names should be unique. Each entity must have at least one relationship. A relationship cannot be directly connected to another relationship. Every entity must have at least one unique attribute, which serves to identify each instance of that entity. Case Study The following example will illustrate our guidelines for modeling requirements of the problem domain with entity-relationship diagrams. use the summary paragraph of the problem description below, we will do through the steps described above. The nouns in the problem description appear in boldface and the verbs are italicized to aid in the following analysis. Summary Paragraph of trouble Description A database specialist wants to design a part of the database for a smallish drug store possessor as follows The owner wants to keep track of all the providers who add anything to the store. For each supplier, the owner assigns a unique supplier number, and wants to keep the 223Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling company name, shout (number, street, city, state, zip), contact persons name, send for number, fax number, and a comment for each supplier. For each tot up activity, an account is realized to keep track of the date incurred, the total cost of the activity, due date for defrayment, undischarged balance afterward some salarys, and any special comments related to the account. For each account, the owner may pay at some(prenominal) different measure and in different ways (e. g. , cash, deterrent, credit card).For each payment activity, the owner wants to keep the date of payment, metre of payment, method of payment (check check number credit card credit card name, type, and number). Note that one supplier can supply many times and one payment can pay for some(prenominal)(prenomin al) accounts of the same supplier. Entity analytic thinking After teaching and understanding the problem line, our first step is to identify entities for the ERD. To do that we examine the nouns in the problem bid. Nouns appear in boldface. We runnel each noun against our four criteria to determine whether or not it should be included as an entity type.Our first noun is owner. Recall that an entity type has more than one instance and more than one property. Since there is only one instance of owner, we do not model it as an entity type. Similarly, there is only one store, so we need not represent store as an entity type. The next noun, supplier, can be classified as an entity type. Several properties of supplier are listed in the problem statement. The statement as well as refers to more than one supplier. Therefore, fit in to Rules 1, 2, and 3, we model supplier as an entity.For each supplier, the owner wants to store the following properties in the database supplier number, company name, contact person, engineer, strait number, fax number, and comment. Each of these attributes except reference work has only one property to store so we model them as attributes. reference book has its component properties number, city, state, and zip so one might be tempted to model it as an entity type. However, the role of address as a property of supplier supersedes the fact that address has properties of its own. In other words, address itself without supplier is not important in its own right.Therefore, by Rule 1, we model address as an attribute. Account is the next noun. Account has some(prenominal) properties to be stored in the database date incurred, total cost, due date, account balance, and comments and we will store information about legion(predicate) accounts. Therefore, we designate account as an entity. Its properties are modeled as attributes of account. indemnifyment is intelligibly an entity, with duple instances and various properties. The p roperties of payment date of payment, bar of payment, and method of payment, are modeled as its attributes.Cash, check, and credit card appear to be attributes of payment, but actually, they are not attributes themselves, but simply different values for the attribute method of payment. This distinction becomes clearer if we intend about 224 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling storing data in the database. For each payment, one of the values cash, check, or credit card will be stored in the location containing data about the method of payment. Check number and credit card name, type and number may be modeled as attributes of remuneration. Supplier Account hire Figure 3. Entities to be included in the ERD.Relationship Analysis Our analysis of nouns in the problem statement has produced three entities Supplier, Account, and stipend (Figure 3). Keep these entities in header as we identify relationships between them. Lets examine the verbs in the problem st atement as candidates for relationships in the diagram. Verbs appear in italics. Of the verbs in the problem statement keep track, assigns, supply, constituted, and pay, only supply and pay are possible candidates for relationships between the entities account, supplier, and payment. Keep track and keep appear several(prenominal) times in the problem statement.These terms refer, not to a relationship between entities, but generally to storing data in the database. In other words, they are used to describe the problem domain, not an interaction that needs to be remembered by the system. Therefore, we do not model them as relationships. Established, in the statement an account is established, is an activity performed by the owner or the system itself. Similarly, owner assigns a unique supplier number reflects an activity by the owner. These two verbs do not represent relationships between any of our three entities. Thus, we are left with the verbs supply and pay.A supplier performs a supply activity. The result of a supply activity is an account. Therefore, a hefty candidate for the relationship between supplier and account is supply. Stated in both directions, the relationship is Supplier supplies account and account is supplied by supplier. Rule 4 states that if a relationship needs to have a unique identifier, then model it as an entity. Each supply activity is unique, so we may be tempted to model supply as an entity. However, the data for each activity is stored using the entity account, so it is not necessary to create another entity which stores the same information.Each payment credits an account so pay is the relationship between payment and account. Expressing the relationship pay in both directions, we can say account is paid by payment and payment pays account. 225 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Now we can draw the basic ERD (Figure 4). We include the entities Supplier, Account, and Payment, and the relationships Suppl y and Pay. Attributes may be added to the diagram at this point or omitted to avoid clutter. Supplier Supply Account Pay Payment Figure 4. ERD without attributes and constraintsAnalysis of Cardinality and Participation Constraints In order to identify the cardinality and participation constraints of each relationship in the ERD, we follow Rules 6 and 7 looking at the relationship first from the point of view of one entity and then from the other entity. In our ERD above, to determine the cardinality constraint of the relationship Supply, we begin by asking, For each Supplier, what is the maximum number of Accounts that may be created? From the problem statement, we crawl in that one supplier can supply many times and an account is established for each supply activity. persuasioning the relationship in the other direction, we ask, What is the maximum number of Suppliers for which each Account may contain information? From the problem statement we can tire that each account carrie s information for a single supplier, since accounts are established for individual supply activities. Thus, for each supplier, there may be many accounts and each account may have only one supplier. The relationship Supplier Supplies Account is a one-to-many relationship. The diagram is marked with a 1 on the side of the relationship Supply nearer to Supplier, and an N (for many) on the side nearer to Account (see Figure 5).To identify the cardinality of the relationship Payment Pays Account, we look at the relationship from both directions. We ask, What is the maximum number of Payments we can accept for each Account? The answer is clearly stated in the problem statement For each account, the owner may pay at several different times and in different ways. From the opposite direction, For each Payment, what is the maximum number of Accounts for which it may pay? Again, we find the answer in the problem statement One payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. In sum , each account 226Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling may receive many payments and each payment may pay for many accounts. Therefore, the relationship Payment Pays Account is many-to-many. This time, we mark our diagram with an M on one side of the relationship Pay and an N on the other side. (Note that the use of M or N is on the whole arbitrary. ) We go through a kindred process to determine the participation constraint of each relationship, looking at the relationship from each direction. For the Supply relationship we ask, enkindle a Supplier exist without generating Accounts? In the other direction, heap an Account exist without having Suppliers supply merchandise? The answers to these questions are not explicit in the problem statement. In a real world situation, the database designers would relieve questions like these with the owner. In this case, we will reach out assumptions from what we understand about the problem domain. Suppliers are g enerally fairly stable entities. A company maintains relationships with several regular suppliers heed slight of whether they have outstanding accounts. On the other hand, an account is only created when a supplier supplies merchandise.Since suppliers can exist without having current accounts, Supplier has partial participation in the Supply relationship. Accounts, however, depend on suppliers for their existence. Thus, Account has total participation in the Supply relationship. To determine the participation of the entities Payment and Account in the Pay relationship, we ask, Can a Payment exist without paying for an Account ? and Can an Account exist without receiving Payments against it? A payment which pays for nothing is absurd. It cannot exist without an account. An account, however, may exist without receiving payments against it.Therefore, Payment has total participation and Account has partial participation in the relationship Pay. In representing the cardinality and par ticipation constraints described above in our ERD, we will employ Elmasri and Navathes (1994) notation. If an entity has partial participation in the relationship, then a single line is drawn on the line between that entity and the relationship. A double line indicates total participation. The cardinality constraint is represented by Look Across convention, while participation constraint is represented by Look Here convention.Figure 5 illustrates the final exam ERD with cardinality and participation constraints. 227 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling 1 Supplier Supply N Account M Pay N Payment Figure 5. ERD with cardinality and participation constraints. Errors in Modeling A common error that beginner designers make is failing to recognize the boundaries of a problem domain. They fail to make a distinction between elements that comprise the fill of the database and elements that are outside the scope of the database. For example, in the problem statement bove, a learned person might want to model the verbs keep track or assigns or established as relationships (see Figure 6(a)). These verbs refer to implementing the database and not to its content. Keep track refers to storing data in the database, established refers to adding an instance of an entity to the database, and assigns refers to giving a value to an attribute of an entity. In deciding which elements to model, it is valuable to keep in mind the real world situation. novitiate designers also frequently confuse entities with their attributes or properties, as in Figure 6(b).Occasionally, if properties are intricate and play a significant role in the problem domain, then they may be modeled as entities. more often, however, properties of an entity should be modeled as attributes. In our problem statement, a novice user may decide to model address, a property of the entity supplier, as an entity. Modeling Address follows Rules 2 and 3 about identifying entities it has more than one property and it has more than one occurrence. However, address does not follow Rule1 in that it is not important in its own right.The role of address in the database is more accurate as an attribute of supplier, than as an entity with its own relationships. Other errors are modeling indirect or supererogatory relationships and inappropriately modeling object types as relationships alternatively than as entities. Given our problem statement, one may be tempted to model the relationship Payment Pays Supplier as in Figure 6(c) or Supplier Pays Account as in Figure 6(d) quite an than Payment Pays Account. Figure 6(c) represents the association between payment and account indirectly. This indirect relationship can only exist after we have all the direct 228Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling relationships as in Figure 5. In this case, the indirect relationship simply becomes redundant. Without the direct relationships, the indirect relationship canno t be added, because it cannot explain how a particular payment is distributed to multiple accounts. Figure 6(d) represents the relationship Pay kinda than the entity Payment. In either of these two cases, it is difficult to explicitly represent the fact that one payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. We can only tell implicitly by reading the check number for the various payments.If the payment is do in cash, there is no way to identify that it paid for more than one account. If the representation used in Figure 6(d) is used, then the attributes related to payments date of payment, heart and soul of payment, and method of payment, are now attributes of the relationship Pay. This representation can add excess complexity to the model. Ordinarily, a relationship is uniquely represented by the identifiers of one or more of the entities which participate in it. If the relationship includes a time-dependent attribute like date of payment, then that attribute must a lso be included in the primary key for that relationship.Additionally, instances of date of payment and amount of payment will require redundant representation because they will have to be included for each account covered by a payment. Finally, in business practice, each payment activity normally requires a unique identifier. Therefore, following Rule 4, it is more appropriate to model payment as an entity than as a relationship. As an entity, the representation is more straightforward and less likely to include redundant or inaccurate information. 229 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling a) extract of wrong verb as relationship owner (b) Attribute as entity Supplier Located_at Address Keeps_track Payment (c) Indirect relationship Payment Pays Supplier Establishes Account (d) Payment as relationship instead of entity Establishes Supplier Pays Account Figure 6. Errors in ERD Modeling. Limitations of Guidelines and Rules Two limitations of our guidelines are that they dont account for incomplete requirements analysis or for ambiguity in the problem description. If the problem description is incomplete, then the resulting analysis base on this approach will also be incomplete.We assume that the analysis is complete. If the problem specification is circumscribed, the analysis and resulting ERD should be modified as well. In English, one concept can be represented in many different ways. For example, we can say that customer orders products or customer places an order to buy products. Order is used 230 Appendix A A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling as a verb in the first sentence and as a noun in the second. We minimize this problem by adopting Rule 4, which states that if a verb needs to have a unique identifier, we model it as an entity type rather than a relationship type.Conclusion We have discussed a set of decision rules which are useful in building ERDs and have illustrated the application of these rules using a sin gle example. ERD constructs discussed here include Entities, Relationships, Attributes, Cardinality constraints and Participation constraints. To simplify our discussion, we didnt include other constructs such as Weak Entity, collar Relationship, and induction/ Specialization. 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